UPSC पाठ्यक्रम — विषयवार, हर इकाई के मुफ़्त नोट्स के साथ
UPSC सिविल सेवा का पाठ्यक्रम, विषय के अनुसार। यहाँ दी गई हर इकाई एक मुफ़्त अध्ययन नोट से जुड़ी है।
इस पृष्ठ के विषय
भारतीय इतिहास
- Pre-history & proto-history · Stone Age sites
- Indus Valley Civilisation · town planning · seals · decline
- Vedic Age · Rig-Vedic vs Later-Vedic society
- Buddhism, Jainism & heterodox sects
- Mahajanapadas & rise of Magadha
- Mauryan Empire · Chandragupta · Ashoka · administration · edicts
- Post-Mauryan kingdoms · Sungas · Kushans · Satavahanas
- Sangam Age · Cheras, Cholas, Pandyas
- Gupta Empire · classical synthesis · science · art
- Post-Gupta · Harshavardhana · Pallavas · Chalukyas · Rashtrakutas
- Early Medieval — Tripartite Struggle · Cholas under Rajaraja & Rajendra
- Bhakti & Sufi movements · regional saints
- Delhi Sultanate · Slave, Khilji, Tughlaq, Sayyid, Lodi dynasties
- Vijayanagara & Bahmani kingdoms
- Mughal Empire · Babur to Aurangzeb · Mansabdari · land revenue
- Maratha Confederacy · Shivaji · Peshwa rule
- Sikh Misls & Maharaja Ranjit Singh
- Important battles of medieval/early-modern India — Panipat I 1526 · Khanwa 1527 · Panipat II 1556 · Talikota 1565 · Haldighati 1576 · Wandiwash 1760 · Panipat III 1761
- Advent of Europeans · Portuguese, Dutch, English, French
- Battle of Plassey 1757 · Buxar 1764 · Diwani · Company rule
- British constitutional/administrative Acts — Regulating 1773 · Pitt's India 1784 · Charter 1813/1833/1853 · GoI 1858 · Indian Councils 1861/1892/1909 (Morley-Minto) · Mont-Ford 1919 · GoI 1935 · Indian Independence Act 1947
- Governors-General & Viceroys — Hastings · Cornwallis · Wellesley · Bentinck · Dalhousie · Canning · Lytton · Ripon · Curzon · Minto · Hardinge · Chelmsford · Reading · Irwin · Willingdon · Linlithgow · Wavell · Mountbatten
- British administration · Permanent Settlement · Ryotwari · Mahalwari
- Tribal uprisings — Santhal · Munda · Bhil · Khasi · Kol · Chuar · Naga · Kuki
- Peasant movements — Indigo · Deccan · Bardoli · Tebhaga · Telangana · Champaran · Moplah
- Workers/labour movements · AITUC · trade unions · strikes
- Famines under British rule (Bengal 1770, 1943; Madras, Bihar)
- Educational reforms · Charter Act 1813 · Macaulay Minute · Wood's Despatch · Hunter Commission
- Indian press history · vernacular press · censorship · Gagging Acts
- Revolt of 1857 · causes · spread · aftermath
- Socio-religious reform · Brahmo, Arya, Prarthana, Aligarh
- Reformers — Raja Ram Mohan Roy · Vidyasagar · Phule · Ranade · Periyar · Sayyid Ahmad Khan
- INC foundation · Moderates · Extremists · Surat Split
- Swadeshi & Boycott movement · partition of Bengal
- Gandhian phase · Champaran · Kheda · Non-Cooperation
- Civil Disobedience · Dandi March · Round Table Conferences
- Revolutionary nationalism · HRA · HSRA · INA · Bose
- Revolutionaries — Bhagat Singh · Chandrashekhar Azad · Sukhdev · Rajguru · Surya Sen (Chittagong) · Khudiram Bose · Madan Lal Dhingra · Ras Behari Bose
- INA Trials 1945-46 · Red Fort Trials · Bhulabhai Desai defence
- Royal Indian Navy Mutiny 1946 · trigger for British withdrawal
- Women in freedom struggle — Sarojini Naidu · Aruna Asaf Ali · Bhikaji Cama · Kasturba · Captain Lakshmi
- Pre-Independence missions/plans — August Offer 1940 · Cripps 1942 · CR Plan 1944 · Wavell Plan 1945 · Cabinet Mission 1946 · Mountbatten/3-June Plan 1947
- Quit India 1942 · Cabinet Mission · Mountbatten Plan
- Partition & Independence 1947 · integration of princely states
- Post-Independence — linguistic reorganisation · States Reorganisation Commission 1953-56
- Land reforms post-1947 · abolition of zamindari · ceiling acts · Bhoodan
- Five-Year Plans · Nehruvian socialism · mixed economy debates
- Operation Polo · Kashmir accession · 1962, 1965, 1971 wars
- Bangladesh liberation 1971 · Simla Agreement 1972
- Operation Vijay 1961 (Goa liberation) · Operation Cactus 1988 (Maldives) · IPKF in Sri Lanka 1987-90
- Pokhran-I (Smiling Buddha) 1974 · Pokhran-II (Shakti) 1998 · NSG response
- Kargil War 1999 · Operation Vijay · Tiger Hill · NDA-led response
- Emergency 1975-77 · Mandal · Mandir · Liberalisation 1991
- Home Rule Movement 1915-16 · Tilak & Annie Besant · Lucknow Pact 1916
- Growth of communalism · Muslim League · Two-Nation Theory · Lahore Resolution 1940
- Constitutional negotiations 1927-32 · Simon Commission · Nehru Report · Poona Pact · Communal Award
- Economic impact of colonialism · Drain of Wealth · deindustrialisation · commercialisation of agriculture
- Dr B.R. Ambedkar & the anti-caste movement · Mahad · temple entry · Poona Pact · annihilation of caste
- Sino-Indian War 1962 · NEFA & Aksai Chin · Forward Policy · Henderson-Brooks
- Rowlatt Act · Jallianwala Bagh massacre 1919 · Rowlatt Satyagraha
कला एवं संस्कृति
- Indian architecture — temple styles · Nagara · Dravida · Vesara
- Buddhist architecture · stupas · chaityas · viharas
- Cave architecture — Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, Bagh
- Indo-Islamic architecture · Delhi Sultanate · Mughal
- Colonial & post-colonial Indian architecture
- Indian sculpture · Gandhara · Mathura · Amaravati schools
- Bronze sculpture · Chola
- Painting — Murals · miniatures · Rajput, Mughal, Pahari schools
- Modern painting — Bengal school · Progressive Artists Group
- Tribal & folk paintings — Warli, Madhubani (Mithila), Pithora, Gond, Kalighat, Kalamkari, Pattachitra, Phad
- Textile heritage — Banarasi, Kanchipuram, Pochampally, Phulkari, Chikankari, Kalamkari, Bandhani, Pashmina
- Embroidery traditions — Zardozi, Kantha, Kasuti, Aari, Chamba Rumal
- Pottery traditions — Khurja, Khanapur, terracotta, blue pottery of Jaipur
- Classical dance · Bharatanatyam · Kathak · Odissi · Kathakali · Manipuri · Kuchipudi · Mohiniyattam · Sattriya
- Dance gurus & exponents — Rukmini Devi · Birju Maharaj · Sonal Mansingh · Mrinalini Sarabhai · Yamini Krishnamurthy · Sitara Devi · Kelucharan Mohapatra
- Folk and tribal dances — region-wise mapping (Bhangra, Garba, Lavani, Bihu, Chhau, Ghoomar, Dollu Kunitha, Yakshagana, Kalbelia, Karagam, Bhavai)
- Hindustani vs Carnatic classical music · gharanas
- Indian musical instruments — string (sitar, sarangi, veena, sarod, santoor) · wind (shehnai, bansuri, nadaswaram) · percussion (tabla, mridangam, pakhawaj, ghatam, dholak)
- Notable musicians — Tansen · Tyagaraja · Bhimsen Joshi · Bismillah Khan · Ravi Shankar · MS Subbulakshmi · Lata Mangeshkar · Hariprasad Chaurasia · Zakir Hussain · Amjad Ali Khan
- Folk music traditions
- Theatre · Sanskrit drama · folk theatre — Yakshagana, Nautanki, Ramleela, Tamasha, Jatra
- Indian cinema heritage · Dadasaheb Phalke · regional cinema · National Film Awards
- Indian literature — Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit, Tamil Sangam
- Bhakti literature · regional languages
- Modern Indian literature · Jnanpith laureates
- Religion & philosophy — six orthodox systems (Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mimamsa, Vedanta)
- Buddhism · Hinayana · Mahayana · Vajrayana · Theravada · 4 Buddhist Councils (Rajagriha · Vaishali · Pataliputra · Kashmir)
- Jainism · Mahavira · Digambara · Shvetambara · Sthanakvasi · Terapanthi · Jain Councils
- Sikhism · 10 Gurus · Adi Granth · Khalsa · Singh Sabha movement
- Famous temples of India — Brihadeshwara (Thanjavur) · Konark Sun Temple · Jagannath Puri · Meenakshi (Madurai) · Kailasanatha (Ellora) · Khajuraho · Modhera Sun Temple · Somnath · Vaishno Devi · Tirupati · Lingaraja · Lord Venkateswara · Padmanabhaswamy · Akshardham
- Famous mosques · churches · gurdwaras · synagogues of India
- Indian science heritage — Aryabhata, Bhaskara, Brahmagupta, Sushruta, Charaka, Nagarjuna
- Languages of India · scheduled languages · script families
- Major festivals · pan-India and regional · tribal festivals
- Numismatics · coins from Indus to Mughal · British coinage
- Crafts & GI tags · folk crafts · contemporary craft revival
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India
- Intangible cultural heritage — Kumbh, Yoga, Vedic chanting, Durga Puja, Garba
- Martial arts of India — Kalaripayattu, Silambam, Gatka, Thang-Ta, Mardani Khel
- Important institutions · ASI, INTACH, Sahitya Akademi, Sangeet Natak Akademi, Lalit Kala Akademi, IGNCA
- Indian Puppet Theatre · Kathputli · Shadow Theatre · Regional Traditions
- Sacred Geometry in Indian Temples · Sulbasutras · Vastu & Proportions · Astronomical Alignments
- Indian Metalwork & Decorative Arts · Bidri · Dhokra · Metal Casting · Woodcraft
विश्व इतिहास
- Renaissance, Reformation, Age of Discovery · Da Vinci · Michelangelo · Galileo · Copernicus · Erasmus · Shakespeare · Luther · Calvin
- American Revolution & US Constitution · Washington · Jefferson · Franklin · Federalist Papers
- French Revolution 1789 & rise of nationalism · Voltaire · Rousseau · Diderot · Montesquieu · Robespierre · Marat
- Latin American independence · Simón Bolívar · José de San Martín · Toussaint Louverture (Haiti)
- Industrial Revolution · phases · global impact
- Napoleonic era & Congress of Vienna
- Unification of Germany & Italy
- Imperialism in Asia & Africa
- World War I · causes · course · Treaty of Versailles
- Russian Revolution 1917 · Bolsheviks · USSR · Lenin · Trotsky · Stalin
- Inter-war period · Great Depression · rise of fascism · Mussolini · Hitler · Tojo
- World War II · causes · theatres · UN formation
- Decolonisation · Asia · Africa · Middle East
- Pan-Africanism · African nationalism · Nkrumah · Nyerere · Mandela · apartheid struggle
- Latin American independence movements · Bolivar · 19th-century revolutions
- Suez Crisis 1956 · Arab-Israeli wars · Iran-Iraq war · Palestinian question
- Cold War · NATO · Warsaw Pact · proxy wars
- Chinese Revolution & Mao Zedong · Long March · Cultural Revolution
- Vietnam War · Ho Chi Minh · Korean War · Cuban Revolution · Fidel Castro · Bay of Pigs · Cuban Missile Crisis
- Détente · Glasnost · Perestroika · disintegration of USSR
- Globalisation · WTO · regional blocs · 21st-century challenges
- Political philosophies — liberalism, socialism, communism, fascism, capitalism
- Enlightenment · Locke · Hobbes · Kant · Montesquieu · empiricism · rationalism · natural rights
- American Civil War · Union vs Confederacy · abolition of slavery · industrial warfare · global implications
- Opium Wars & Western imperialism in China · Treaty of Nanking · extraterritoriality · Meiji Restoration context
भारत का भूगोल
- Location, extent, neighbours · maritime claims
- Physiographic divisions · Himalayas · Northern Plains · Peninsular · Coastal · Islands
- Himalayan ranges — Trans-Himalayas (Karakoram, Ladakh, Zanskar) · Greater Himalaya (Himadri) · Middle Himalaya (Himachal) · Shivalik (Outer) · Purvanchal
- Major Himalayan passes — Khyber · Bolan · Karakoram · Khardung La · Banihal · Zojila · Shipki La · Rohtang · Lipulekh · Mana · Niti · Nathula · Jelep La · Bumla · Bomdila · Pansela
- Major peaks — K2 (Godwin-Austen) · Kanchenjunga · Nanga Parbat · Nanda Devi · Anamudi (Western Ghats) · Doddabetta (Nilgiris) · Mahendragiri (Eastern Ghats) · Dhupgarh (Satpura)
- Major lakes of India — Wular (largest freshwater) · Dal · Chilika (largest brackish) · Pulicat · Sambhar (largest saltwater) · Pangong · Tso Moriri · Loktak · Vembanad (longest in Kerala) · Kolleru
- Drainage — Himalayan rivers · Peninsular rivers · river interlinking
- Climate · monsoon mechanism · Indian seasons
- Climate classification · Köppen · agro-climatic zones
- Soils of India · ICAR classification · degradation
- Natural vegetation & forest types · Champion classification
- Wildlife · biogeographic zones
- Agriculture · cropping patterns · MSP · Green Revolution
- Irrigation · canal · tank · groundwater · micro-irrigation
- Mineral resources · iron, coal, oil, atomic minerals · distribution
- Energy resources · thermal · hydro · nuclear · renewable
- Industries · iron-steel · textile · IT · pharma · automotive · chemicals
- Industrial location factors — raw material · labour · market · power · transport · capital (Weber, Lösch)
- Industrial regions — Mumbai-Pune · Hugli · Bangalore-Chennai · Gujarat · Vizag-Guntur · Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram · Chota Nagpur
- Services sector geography — IT corridors · BPO cities · tourism circuits · healthcare hubs
- Industrial corridors · DMIC · CBIC · ABIC · ECEC · BMIC
- Major dams & multi-purpose projects — Bhakra-Nangal · Hirakud · Tehri · Sardar Sarovar · Indira Sagar · Nagarjuna Sagar · Almatti
- Transport — rail · road · National Highways · Golden Quadrilateral · NS-EW Corridor · waterways · ports · Sagarmala · UDAN
- Population — distribution · growth · sex ratio · literacy
- Tribes of India · scheduled tribes · isolated tribes
- Urbanisation · smart cities · migration patterns
- Settlements — rural and urban patterns
- Disasters in Indian geography — floods, droughts, cyclones, landslides
- Western & Eastern Ghats · Sahyadri · orographic rainfall · biodiversity hotspot · peninsular river sources
विश्व भूगोल
- Origin & evolution of Earth · Continental drift · Plate tectonics
- Interior of Earth · earthquakes · volcanism
- Landforms — fluvial · glacial · aeolian · marine · karst
- Atmosphere · composition · temperature · pressure · winds
- Climatic regions of the world · Köppen system
- Oceanography · ocean currents · salinity · tides · marine resources
- Soil & biomes — tundra · taiga · temperate · tropical
- Continents — physical features mapping
- World agriculture — staple zones · wheat belt · corn belt · cotton belt · rice belt · plantation belts
- World agroecological regions · soil-climate-crop matrix
- Major rivers of the world — Nile · Amazon · Yangtze · Mississippi · Yenisei · Ob · Yellow · Congo · Mekong · Volga · Danube
- Major mountain ranges of the world — Himalayas · Andes · Rockies · Alps · Atlas · Urals · Caucasus · Pyrenees · Drakensberg · Great Dividing Range
- Major deserts of the world — Sahara · Arabian · Gobi · Patagonian · Great Victoria · Kalahari · Thar · Atacama · Namib · Karakum · Sonoran
- Major lakes of the world — Caspian Sea (largest) · Superior · Victoria · Huron · Michigan · Tanganyika · Baikal (deepest) · Great Bear · Malawi · Erie · Aral · Dead Sea
- Major islands of the world — Greenland · New Guinea · Borneo · Madagascar · Baffin · Sumatra · Honshu · Great Britain · Ellesmere · Sulawesi
- World industries — major industrial regions (Ruhr, Tokyo Bay, Northeast US, Silicon Valley, Pearl River Delta)
- World mineral & energy resources · global distribution
- Population — global distribution · migration · demographics
- Climate change · global warming · ice-cap melt · sea-level rise
- Ocean acidification · coral bleaching
- Important straits, canals, channels, gulfs
- Critical geographical features in news (Israel-Palestine, Sahel, Arctic, etc.)
- Tropical cyclones · formation · eye & eyewall · storm surge · hurricane/typhoon/cyclone · naming · intensity scales
भारतीय समाज
- Salient features of Indian society · unity in diversity
- Caste system · jatis · varnas · contemporary dynamics
- Religious diversity & communalism
- Linguistic diversity · regionalism · sons-of-soil
- Tribal society · vulnerable tribal groups · PVTGs
- Family — joint, nuclear, transition
- Indian family laws — Hindu Marriage Act 1955 · Special Marriage Act 1954 · Hindu Succession Amendment 2005 · Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act 2019 · UCC debate
- Khap panchayats · honour killings · inter-caste/inter-faith marriages
- Surrogacy (Regulation) Act 2021 · Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Act 2021
- Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act 2021
- Status of women · gender gap · GSI · violence against women
- Women movements in India · feminism · #MeToo
- Population trends · demographic dividend · ageing
- Family planning policies · NFHS findings
- Child issues · child labour · child marriage · POCSO
- Urbanisation · slums · migration · gentrification
- Globalisation impact on Indian culture, family, work
- Poverty & hunger · multidimensional poverty · HDI
- Social empowerment — SC, ST, OBC, EWS reservation
- Disability — Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016
- Transgender community · NALSA case · 2019 Act
- Communalism, regionalism, secularism · Indian state and religion
- Role of NGOs, SHGs, civil society
- Social movements — Chipko, Narmada, Anti-corruption
- Processes of social change · Sanskritisation · Westernisation · Modernisation · Secularisation · social mobility
- Ageing society & welfare of the elderly · Maintenance & Welfare of Parents Act 2007 · silver economy · NPOP
- Digital society & social media · misinformation · digital divide · online polarisation · gig culture
भारतीय राजव्यवस्था एवं संविधान
- Historical underpinnings · Constitutional development · GoI Acts 1858-1935
- Making of the Constitution · Constituent Assembly · drafting committee
- Sources of the Constitution · borrowed features · UK, US, Ireland, Canada, etc.
- Preamble · keywords · 42nd Amendment
- Salient features of the Constitution
- Schedules of the Constitution · 1st to 12th · contents & evolution
- Comparative constitutional schemes — India vs USA, UK, France, Australia
- Citizenship (Articles 5-11) · CAA · OCI · PIO
- Fundamental Rights (Part III) · Articles 12-35
- Article 21 jurisprudence · right to privacy (Puttaswamy) · right to life · death penalty
- Right to Freedom of Religion · Article 25-28
- DPSP (Part IV) · Articles 36-51 · Fundamental Duties
- Union Executive · President · Vice-President · PM · Cabinet · AGI
- Parliament · Lok Sabha · Rajya Sabha · sessions · functions
- Parliamentary procedures · motions · committees · privileges
- Anti-defection law · Schedule X · Speaker's powers
- Women's Reservation (Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam) Act 2023
- Supreme Court · jurisdiction · judicial review · PIL
- High Courts · subordinate courts · NJAC verdict · collegium
- Tribunals — CAT · AFT · NCLT · NCLAT · ITAT · CESTAT · NGT
- State Government · Governor · CM · Council of Ministers · Legislature
- Centre-State Relations · legislative · administrative · financial
- Inter-State Council · Zonal Councils · GST Council · National Integration Council
- Inter-State Water Disputes — Cauvery · Krishna · Godavari · Mullaperiyar · Ravi-Beas · Mahadayi · ISWD Act 1956
- Important committees & commissions — Sarkaria (1983) · Punchhi (2007) · Verma 2013 (women safety) · Lodha 2014 (cricket reforms) · Mukul Mudgal · Kothari 1986 (civil services) · ARC I & II · NCRWC
- Finance Commissions — 14th, 15th, 16th · ToR · vertical/horizontal devolution
- Local Government · 73rd & 74th Amendments · PRIs · ULBs
- Scheduled & Tribal Areas · 5th & 6th Schedule
- Special Provisions — J&K Art 370 abrogation · Art 371 series for NE
- Emergency Provisions · National · State · Financial
- Constitutional Amendments · process · basic structure · Kesavananda
- Constitutional Bodies — ECI · UPSC · State PSC · Finance Commission · CAG · AG
- Statutory Bodies — NHRC · SHRC · CIC · CVC · Lokpal · NCW · NCM · NCBC · NCST · NCSC
- Regulatory & Quasi-judicial Bodies — TRAI · SEBI · IRDAI · CCI · NGT
- Non-Constitutional Bodies — NITI Aayog · National Development Council
- Political Parties · Anti-defection · Representation of People Act 1950 & 1951
- Pressure groups & civil society — FICCI · CII · ASSOCHAM · ICAR · trade unions · farmer unions · student unions
- Elections · Model Code of Conduct · electoral reforms · NOTA · VVPAT · Electoral Bonds case
- Coalition politics · pre-poll/post-poll alliances · Sarkaria-Punchhi on governor
- One Nation One Election debate · simultaneous elections committee
- Lateral entry in civil services · Mission Karmayogi
- Recent landmark SC judgments — Sabarimala · Triple Talaq · Section 377 · Aadhaar · Article 370
- Writs & writ jurisdiction · Article 32 & 226 · habeas corpus · mandamus · certiorari · prohibition · quo warranto
- Constitutional doctrines · judicial review · separation of powers · basic structure · pith and substance · colourable legislation
- Cooperative & competitive federalism · NITI Aayog · GST Council · fiscal federalism
- Official Language & the Eighth Schedule · Articles 343-351 · classical languages · three-language formula
- Delimitation & reservation of seats · Article 82 · 330-334 · Delimitation Commission · seat freeze
शासन व्यवस्था
- Governance — meaning, dimensions, good governance
- Citizen Charters & service delivery
- Right to Information (RTI) Act 2005 · amendments
- e-Governance · Digital India · UMANG · DBT · Aadhaar · DigiLocker · e-Courts Mission Mode · MyGov · BharatNet · CSC
- Civil Services in democracy · neutrality · accountability
- Civil Service reforms · 2nd ARC recommendations · lateral entry
- Cooperative federalism · NITI Aayog · GST Council
- Public Policy formulation & implementation — agenda setting · design · execution · evaluation · feedback (Lasswell, Dye)
- Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections · convergence
- Issues in implementation · last-mile delivery · leakage
- Mechanisms, laws, institutions for protection of vulnerable sections
- Health, Education, Human Resources — sector overview
- Poverty & hunger interventions
- NGOs, SHGs, charities, institutional & non-institutional actors
- Pressure groups in policy
- Sevottam framework · public service delivery standards
- Right to Services Acts · state-level guarantees
- Public-Private Partnership in governance · viability gap funding
- Mission Karmayogi · iGOT · capacity building of civil servants
- Social audit · MGNREGA audits · social accountability
- Specific government commissions — Sarkaria, Punchhi, ARC I & II, Kothari
- Probity in governance · code of ethics · code of conduct
- Whistleblowers Protection Act 2014
- Lokpal and Lokayuktas
- Public Procurement and CSR
- Regulatory governance & the regulatory state · independent regulators · Regulatory Impact Assessment · Jan Vishwas Act 2023
- Grievance redressal & citizen-centric governance · CPGRAMS · ombudsman · feedback loops
- Digital Public Infrastructure & India Stack · Aadhaar · UPI · DigiLocker · ONDC · DPI diplomacy
सामाजिक न्याय
- Constitutional and legal framework for vulnerable sections
- Schedule Castes — welfare, reservation, atrocities
- Scheduled Tribes — PESA, Forest Rights Act 2006, TSP
- Other Backward Classes — reservation, sub-categorisation
- Economically Weaker Sections — 103rd Amendment
- Minority Welfare — National Commission for Minorities
- Women — laws, schemes, institutions (NCW, OSC, SHe-Box)
- Key women-focused schemes — Beti Bachao Beti Padhao · PM Ujjwala Yojana · Sukanya Samriddhi · Mahila Samakhya · Mission Shakti · Sakhi One-Stop Centres · Stand-up India
- Frontline women workers — ASHA · Anganwadi · ANM · roles, recognition, remuneration debates
- Children — POCSO, ICDS, Mid-Day Meal (PM POSHAN), juvenile justice
- Persons with Disabilities — RPwD Act 2016, accessible India
- Senior Citizens — MWPSC Act 2007, schemes
- Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2019
- Health policy — NHP 2017, Ayushman Bharat, PMJAY, HWCs
- Maternal & child health — NHM, JSY, POSHAN Abhiyaan
- Mental Health Care Act 2017 · NIMH
- Education policy — NEP 2020 · NCF · ASER findings
- Higher Education — NIRF, RUSA, HEFA, regulators (UGC/AICTE)
- Skill development — NSDC, PMKVY, Skill India
- Hunger & nutrition — PDS, NFSA 2013, ICDS
- Important welfare schemes — PMAY, PM-KISAN, MGNREGA, PMUY, PM SVANidhi, PM-DAKSH
- LGBTQ+ rights — NALSA 2014, Section 377 striking (Navtej Singh Johar), Transgender Act 2019
- Migrant workers · inter-state migrants · e-Shram portal · welfare schemes
- Urban poor & slum dwellers · PMAY-U · DAY-NULM
- Mental health awareness · MH Care Act 2017 · Tele MANAS · suicide prevention
- Elderly welfare · MWPSC Act · NPHCE · elder abuse · pensions
- Poverty estimation — Tendulkar, Rangarajan, MPI
- Denotified Tribes · Criminal Tribes Act repeal · rehabilitation & welfare schemes
- Bonded Labour System Abolition Act 1976 · rescue & rehabilitation mechanisms
- Unorganized Sector Workers · Building Construction Act · occupational safety & welfare
भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था
- National Income & accounting · GDP · GVA · NNI · Per capita
- Inclusive growth · concept · measurement
- Planning in India · five-year plans legacy · NITI Aayog
- Bombay Plan 1944 · People's Plan · Gandhian Plan · Sarvodaya Plan · historical antecedents
- Public Sector Undertakings — Maharatna · Navratna · Miniratna · CPSE governance
- Disinvestment — DIPAM · strategic vs minority · Air India · BPCL · LIC IPO · privatization debates
- Mobilisation of resources · domestic savings · investment
- Money supply · M0 to M3 · monetary aggregates
- Reserve Bank of India · monetary policy · MPC · repo rate
- Inflation · types · CPI vs WPI · core inflation · stagflation
- Banking sector · public · private · cooperative · RRBs
- Bank nationalisation history — 1969 & 1980 · post-1991 consolidation
- Banking reforms · NPAs · IBC · AMC · Bad Bank
- Demonetisation 2016 · objectives · outcomes · cash-to-GDP debate
- UPI ecosystem · NPCI · RuPay · BHIM · cross-border UPI
- Cryptocurrency · RBI digital currency (CBDC e-Rupee) · regulation
- Capital markets · SEBI · primary vs secondary · IPO · F&O
- Stock markets · BSE · NSE · Sensex · Nifty · indices
- Mutual funds · AIFs · REITs · InvITs
- Insurance sector · IRDAI · LIC IPO
- Public Finance · taxation · direct vs indirect
- GST · structure · GST Council · compensation
- Direct Tax Code debate · personal income tax reforms
- Fiscal policy · FRBM Act · fiscal deficit · revenue deficit
- Union Budget · components · cycle · capital vs revenue
- Finance Commission · devolution · grants-in-aid
- Public Debt · sustainability · external commercial borrowings
- External Sector · BoP · current account · capital account
- Foreign exchange · reserves · exchange rate regimes
- FDI · FPI · routes · sectoral caps
- Trade policy · Foreign Trade Policy · SEZs · MEIS replacement
- Industrial policy · LPG reforms · Make in India · PLI · Start-up India
- Atmanirbhar Bharat · 5 pillars · sector-wise reforms
- Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) — 14 sectors · outcomes
- MSMEs · classification · Udyam · credit access
- Cooperative movement · IFFCO · KRIBHCO · cooperative federalism
- Microfinance · MFIs · SHGs · Bandhan · joint liability groups
- Financial inclusion · Jan Dhan · Mudra · PM Vishwakarma
- Industrial corridors · National Infrastructure Pipeline · Gati Shakti
- Services sector · IT-BPO · tourism · financial services
- Infrastructure · PPP models · HAM · BOT · TOT
- Energy sector · electricity, oil & gas reforms
- Employment · NSSO/PLFS data · informal sector
- Inequality · Gini coefficient · top-decile share · World Inequality Report
- Economic Survey · annual themes · key chapters · advance estimates
- NITI Aayog reports & indices — Aspirational Districts · SDG India Index · Health Index · Innovation Index · Export Preparedness
- Inclusive growth schemes · MGNREGA · DBT · UBI debate
- Land reforms · ceiling acts · land records digitisation
- Effects of liberalisation · benefits · inequalities · environmental cost
- WTO & India's trade architecture · GATT · Agreement on Agriculture · TRIPS · SPS/TBT · dispute settlement · peace clause
- Climate finance & green economy · sovereign green bonds · ESG · carbon markets · climate budgeting · just transition
- Poverty & its estimation · poverty line · Tendulkar (2009) · Rangarajan (2014) · Multidimensional Poverty Index
कृषि
- Major crops · cropping patterns · cropping seasons
- Land use & landholding · operational land holdings
- Irrigation systems · canal · tank · drip · sprinkler · PMKSY
- Agricultural inputs · seeds · fertilisers · pesticides
- Agricultural credit · KCC · NABARD
- Agricultural marketing · APMC · e-NAM · Model APLM Act · Contract Farming Act
- Crop insurance — Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) · Restructured Weather-Based Crop Insurance · subscription mechanics
- Minimum Support Price · CACP · procurement · DCP
- Public Distribution System · TPDS · NFSA 2013
- Food security · Right to Food · ICDS · PM Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana
- Agricultural subsidies · fertiliser, power, irrigation subsidies
- Buffer stocks · FCI · operational, buffer norms
- Cooperative & contract farming
- Land reforms — ceiling, tenancy, consolidation
- Soil health card · soil conservation
- Horticulture · MIDH · Operation Greens
- Indian Revolutions — Green · White (dairy) · Yellow (oilseeds) · Pink (poultry/meat) · Blue (fisheries) · Silver (eggs) · Golden (horticulture/honey)
- Animal rearing · dairy · poultry · fisheries · cattle breeds · Rashtriya Gokul Mission
- Food processing · Mega Food Parks · PMKSY pillars · PMFME for micro units
- Food fortification · FSSAI standards · rice fortification scheme
- Agricultural exports · APEDA · spices · marine · agri-export policy
- Climate-smart agriculture · zero budget natural farming · ZBNF · agroecology
- Organic farming · Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana · NPOP · Jaivik Bharat
- Watershed development · Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana · soil moisture conservation
- GM crops · Bt Cotton · Bt Brinjal · GEAC
- Farmers' producer organisations (FPOs) · 10,000 FPOs scheme
- Recent reforms — 3 Farm Laws (repealed) · MSP committee
- PM-KISAN · Modified Interest Subvention Scheme · KCC saturation
- Agricultural mechanisation · farm machinery · SMAM · custom hiring · reduce drudgery
- Integrated pest and disease management · IPM systems · extension services · pest outbreaks
- Soil testing labs and nutrient management extension · NTEP · soil health diagnostics infrastructure
विज्ञान एवं प्रौद्योगिकी
- Space technology · ISRO history · launch vehicles (SLV, ASLV, PSLV, GSLV, LVM3, SSLV)
- Space missions — Chandrayaan series · Mangalyaan · Aditya-L1 · XPoSat · Gaganyaan · Shukrayaan
- NavIC / IRNSS · GAGAN · communication satellites
- Recent launches and commercial space (NSIL, IN-SPACe, Skyroot Vikram-S, Agnikul Agnibaan, Pixxel)
- Famous Indian scientists — Vikram Sarabhai · Homi Bhabha · CV Raman · Satish Dhawan · APJ Kalam · MS Swaminathan · K Radhakrishnan
- Defence technology · DRDO · indigenous platforms (Tejas, Arjun, INS Vikrant)
- DRDO laboratories — DRDL, ARDE, HEMRL, RCI, ADE, ADRDE, DEAL, DLRL, SSPL, INMAS · 50+ labs across domains
- Atomic energy infrastructure — BARC · IGCAR · VECC · AERB · NPCIL · UCIL · BRNS
- ICAR institutes — IARI, NDRI, IVRI, CIFE, CIFRI, NBPGR · research network of 100+ institutes
- Missile programs — Agni, BrahMos, Akash, Astra, K-series SLBMs, hypersonic
- Nuclear programme · 3-stage · thorium · fusion research (ITER, SST-1)
- Civil nuclear cooperation · NSG · IAEA · safeguards
- IT & Computers · AI · ML · deep learning · LLMs
- Quantum technologies · National Mission · NQM
- Semiconductors · ISM · fabs · India Semiconductor Mission
- 5G / 6G · TSDSI · indigenous telecom stack
- Biotechnology · DNA technology · CRISPR · gene editing · GM crops
- Health tech · mRNA vaccines · Co-WIN · digital health
- Stem cells & gene therapy · BIRAC initiatives
- Nanotechnology · National Mission · applications
- Robotics & automation
- Drone technology · Drone Rules 2021 · DGCA · Kisan Drones · counter-drone
- Genome India project · DNA Technology (Use & Application) Bill
- Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023
- INSPIRE & innovation programmes · DST initiatives
- Energy technologies · solar (NSM) · wind · hydrogen mission · nuclear fusion
- Electric vehicles · FAME-II · battery technologies
- Indian pharmaceutical industry · generics · CRAMS · vaccines
- Awareness in IPR · TRIPS · Indian Patent Act 1970 · patent filing trends
- Achievements of Indians in S&T — recent Nobel/Bhatnagar/Ramanujan
- Indigenisation of technology · technology missions · NITI Frontier Tech Hub
- Supercomputing & HPC · National Supercomputing Mission · C-DAC PARAM series · AIRAWAT · exascale
- Space debris & Space Situational Awareness · NETRA · IS4OM · Kessler syndrome · Debris-Free Space Missions 2030
- India in global mega-science · LIGO-India · CERN · ITER · SKA · India-based Neutrino Observatory
- Synthetic biology & bio-manufacturing · BioE3 Policy 2024 · bio-foundries · smart proteins
पर्यावरण एवं पारिस्थितिकी
- Ecosystems · structure · functions · energy flow · food chains, webs
- Productivity · ecological pyramids · ecotones · niche
- Biogeochemical cycles · carbon · nitrogen · phosphorus · water
- Biodiversity · genetic, species, ecosystem · hotspots in India
- Protected Area network · National Parks · Wildlife Sanctuaries · CR · BR
- IUCN Red List · CITES · CMS · Ramsar Convention
- Indian flagship species & schemes · Project Tiger, Elephant, Snow Leopard, Dolphin, Lion, Crocodile, Hangul, Dugong
- Endemic species of India — Lion-tailed Macaque, Nilgiri Tahr, Asiatic Lion, Sangai, Pygmy Hog, Great Indian Bustard, Olive Ridley
- Important biosphere reserves — Nilgiri, Nanda Devi, Gulf of Mannar, Sundarbans, Pachmarhi, Khangchendzonga, Seshachalam, Cold Desert, Manas, Simlipal, Dibru-Saikhowa, Dehang-Debang, Agasthyamalai, Achanakmar-Amarkantak
- Major Tiger Reserves — Jim Corbett · Bandhavgarh · Kanha · Tadoba · Periyar · Sundarbans · Manas · Kaziranga · Ranthambore · Nagarjunsagar Srisailam · Sariska · Pench · Satpura · Buxa · Indravati · Anamalai · Bandipur · Mudumalai · BRT · Sariska (54+ total)
- Important bird sanctuaries — Keoladeo Ghana (Bharatpur) · Salim Ali (Goa) · Sultanpur · Vedanthangal · Chilika · Nal Sarovar · Ranganathittu · Kumarakom · Mayani
- Marine protected areas — Gulf of Mannar Marine NP · Marine NP Gulf of Kachchh · Wandur (A&N) · Mahatma Gandhi Marine NP
- Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 · Schedule changes
- Forest types of India · Champion classification · NFP
- Forest Conservation Act 1980 · 2023 Amendment · forest rights
- Joint Forest Management · agroforestry · social forestry
- Climate change · greenhouse gases · feedback loops
- UNFCCC · Kyoto · Paris Agreement · NDCs · CBDR-RC
- COP outcomes · loss & damage fund · Article 6
- IPCC reports · AR6 findings
- Carbon markets · CDM · India CCTS · ETS
- Climate change adaptation & mitigation in India · NAPCC · SAPCCs
- Air Pollution · sources · NCAP · SAFAR · CPCB · graded action
- Water pollution · CWC · Namami Gange · Yamuna · groundwater
- Soil pollution · industrial · agricultural · remediation
- Plastic & solid waste · EPR · Single-Use Plastic ban · SWM Rules
- E-waste · Hazardous waste · biomedical waste rules
- Noise pollution · radioactive contamination
- Environmental Impact Assessment · EIA 2006 · Draft EIA 2020
- Environment (Protection) Act 1986 · Air, Water acts
- National Green Tribunal · CPCB · SPCBs
- Sustainable development · SDGs · ESG · circular economy
- Renewable energy targets · ISA · green hydrogen mission · 500 GW non-fossil 2030
- Wetlands · Ramsar sites in India (80+) · Montreux Record
- Eco-sensitive zones · ESZ around protected areas · ESA
- Western Ghats · Gadgil & Kasturirangan reports · ESAs
- Sundarbans · Himalayan ecology · NMHS
- Invasive alien species · Lantana, Prosopis, African catfish, GLAS
- Project Cheetah · Kuno reintroduction · African cheetahs
- Vulture Action Plan · diclofenac ban · breeding centres
- Marine biodiversity · corals · mangroves · MPAs · sea grass
- COP28 outcomes · loss & damage fund · global stocktake
- India's 2070 net-zero pledge · LiFE mission
- ESG investing · sovereign green bonds · taxonomy
- Pollinator decline · bees · IPBES warnings
- Important international reports · LPR · GBO · IPBES · Emissions Gap
- Convention on Biological Diversity · Nagoya & Cartagena Protocols · Biological Diversity Act 2002 & 2023 · NBA · Global Biodiversity Framework
- Ozone depletion · Montreal Protocol · Kigali Amendment · ozone hole · CFCs & HFCs
- Genetically Modified crops & biosafety · GEAC · Bt cotton · Bt brinjal · GM mustard · Cartagena Protocol
- Desertification & land degradation · UNCCD · COP14 Delhi · Land Degradation Neutrality · Bonn Challenge
आंतरिक सुरक्षा
- Linkages between development and spread of extremism
- Left-Wing Extremism · Red Corridor · SAMADHAN strategy
- Insurgency in NE · AFSPA · Naga, Mizo, Manipur, ULFA
- Cross-border terrorism · Pakistan, Afghanistan trade-routes
- Major attacks & responses — 26/11 Mumbai 2008 · Uri 2016 · Surgical Strikes 2016 · Pulwama 2019 · Balakot Airstrike 2019 · Galwan Valley clash 2020 · Tawang skirmish 2022
- Communal terrorism · home-grown radicalisation · NIA action
- Role of external state actors · proxy war · grey-zone
- Role of non-state actors · ISI · LeT · JeM · Indian Mujahideen
- Linkages of organised crime with terrorism · narco-terror
- Money laundering · PMLA · ED · FATF · FIU-IND
- Cyber security · National Cyber Security Policy · CERT-In
- Cyber threats · ransomware · DDoS · APTs
- Cyber crimes · Indian IT Act 2000 · Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023
- Critical infrastructure protection · NCIIPC
- Social media regulation · IT Rules 2021 · fact-checking
- Border management · LoC · LAC · IB · BSF · ITBP · SSB · Assam Rifles
- Smart Fencing · CIBMS · Border Roads
- Coastal security · ICG · Coastal Command · Sagar Prahari Bal
- Maritime security · IB-Mauritius-Sri Lanka cooperation · IFC-IOR
- Central police forces · CRPF · CISF · NSG · SPG
- Indian Coast Guard · Special Frontier Force · Assam Rifles
- Intelligence agencies · IB · RAW · NIA · NCB · NTRO
- Police reforms · Prakash Singh case · model Police Act
- UAPA · special laws · AFSPA debate (Manipur · J&K · NE)
- Historical special laws — MISA 1971 · TADA 1985 · POTA 2002 · lessons learnt
- Defence reforms · CDS · DMA · theatre commands
- AGNIPATH scheme · Agniveers · Defence HR transformation
- Aatmanirbhar Defence · indigenisation · positive lists · iDEX
- Major joint military exercises — Yudh Abhyas · Vajra Prahar · Indra · Garuda · Malabar · Tarang Shakti
- Defence Acquisition Council · Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020
- Counter-radicalisation programmes · de-radicalisation cells
- Refugee policy · 1951 Convention · India's position · Rohingya/Tibetan/Sri Lankan refugees
- Defence modernization · ATM-NIRBHAR Bharat · DAP 2020
- Arms & Weapons Smuggling · Networks & supply chains · Border routes · DRI & agencies
- Media, Propaganda & Strategic Communications · Terror narratives · Counter-messaging · Information warfare
- Jammu & Kashmir Security Framework · Post-2019 governance · UT model · Special provisions
अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संबंध
- Evolution of India's foreign policy · Non-Alignment to Multi-Alignment
- India & Pakistan · IWT · ceasefire violations · cross-border terror
- India & China · LAC · trade · Wuhan, Mamallapuram, Galwan
- India & Nepal · Kalapani · open border · 1950 Treaty
- India & Bangladesh · LBA · Teesta · CAA spillover
- India & Sri Lanka · Katchatheevu · Tamil issue · economic crisis support
- India & Bhutan · Doklam · hydropower
- India & Myanmar · refugee crisis · KKMM corridor
- India & Afghanistan · post-Taliban diplomacy
- India & Maldives · IOR · debt diplomacy
- India & USA · 2+2 dialogue · QUAD · defence agreements (BECA, LEMOA, COMCASA)
- India & Russia · S-400 · CAATSA · energy · UN coordination
- India & EU · BTIA · climate · digital · TTC
- India & UK · FTA · diaspora · post-Brexit
- India & Japan · Special Strategic Partnership · Indo-Pacific
- India & ASEAN · Act East · summits · RCEP withdrawal
- India & West Asia · I2U2 · IMEC · Saudi · UAE · Iran (Chabahar)
- India & Israel · defence · agriculture · technology
- India & Africa · IAFS · LoC · Pan-Africa e-Network
- India & Latin America · Mercosur PTA
- India & Pacific Islands · FIPIC · climate cooperation
- India & Antarctica/Arctic · Maitri · Bharati · Dakshin Gangotri · Arctic Policy 2022
- Regional groupings — SAARC · BIMSTEC · SCO · BRICS · G20 · G7
- New corridors & frameworks — IMEC · I2U2 · IPEF · INSTC
- UN — Security Council reform · UNGA · ECOSOC · ICJ · UNSC sanctions
- WTO · Doha Round · TRIPS · public stockholding
- IMF, World Bank, BIS, FSB · WHO · WIPO · WMO · ILO · UNESCO · UNICEF · UNHCR · UNCTAD
- Specialised treaty bodies — IAEA · OPCW · NSG · MTCR · Wassenaar Arrangement · Australia Group
- FATF · grey list · black list · India's role
- India & OPEC+ · energy diplomacy · oil import basket
- Indian diaspora · OIA · Pravasi Bharatiya Divas · remittances
- India & Indo-Pacific · QUAD · AUKUS impact
- Maritime — UNCLOS · SLOC · piracy · IORA
- Cultural diplomacy · ICCR · AYUSH · International Yoga Day · ITEC programme
- Cyber & space diplomacy · IGF · ITU · IN-SPACe MoUs
- Climate diplomacy — UNFCCC · CBDR · CDR-LIFE · loss & damage
- Defence diplomacy · joint exercises · arms exports · DAP 2020
- Defence deals · trade balance · agreements in news
- India & the Global South · Voice of Global South Summits · G20 presidency · reformed multilateralism · South-South cooperation
- India & Central Asia · Connect Central Asia policy · India-Central Asia Summit · INSTC · Chabahar · SCO
- India's humanitarian & niche diplomacy · Vaccine Maitri · HADR · Operation Ganga & Kaveri · SAGAR doctrine
आपदा प्रबंधन
- Disaster — definition · classification · vulnerability
- Disaster Management Act 2005 · NDMA · SDMA · DDMA
- National Policy on Disaster Management 2009
- NDRF · SDRF · CDRI
- Hazard-specific — earthquakes · Himalayan seismicity
- Floods · river vs urban floods · flood plain zoning
- Cyclones · Bay of Bengal vs Arabian Sea · IMD warnings
- Drought · types · DPAP · NMSA
- Landslides · GLOFs · cloudbursts
- Tsunami · Indian Tsunami Early Warning System
- Heatwaves · cold waves · forest fires
- Industrial disasters · Bhopal · oil spills · nuclear
- Sendai Framework 2015-30 · 4 priorities · 7 targets
- Predecessor frameworks — Yokohama Strategy 1994 · Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-15
- Sphere Standards · humanitarian charter · minimum standards in response
- Pandemic management — COVID experience · One Health
- Climate-induced disasters · loss & damage · COP28 fund
- Climate refugees · internal displacement · IDMC reports
- Disaster Risk Financing · insurance · CAT bonds · parametric insurance
- Build Back Better framework · Resilient infrastructure (CDRI)
- Public health emergencies · vaccine logistics
- Heat action plans · Ahmedabad model · NDMA heatwave guidelines
- Recent Indian disasters — case studies — Uttarakhand 2013, Kerala floods 2018, Cyclone Fani 2019, Cyclone Amphan 2020, Joshimath 2023, Sikkim GLOF 2023, Wayanad landslides 2024
- Community-Based Disaster Management · local participation · indigenous knowledge · grassroots resilience
- State and District Disaster Management · SDMA-DDMA framework · operational coordination · inter-agency protocols
- Relief, Rehabilitation and Recovery · post-disaster frameworks · compensation mechanisms · livelihood restoration
नीतिशास्त्र, सत्यनिष्ठा एवं अभिवृत्ति
- Ethics & Human Interface — essence, determinants, consequences
- Dimensions of ethics — descriptive, normative, meta-ethics
- Ethics in private and public relationships
- Human Values — lessons from leaders, reformers, administrators
- Role of family, society, educational institutions in inculcating values
- Attitude — content, structure, function
- Influence and relation with thought and behaviour
- Moral and political attitudes; persuasion
- Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service
- Integrity, impartiality, non-partisanship, objectivity
- Dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance, compassion
- Emotional Intelligence — concepts, utility, application
- Goleman model — self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, social skills
- Contributions of moral thinkers — Indian (Buddha, Gandhi, Vivekananda, Ambedkar, Tagore, Tiruvalluvar, Akka Mahadevi, Kabir, Sri Aurobindo, Kautilya)
- Contributions of moral thinkers — Western (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Mill, Bentham, Rawls, Nietzsche, Sartre)
- AI & technology ethics — bias, transparency, accountability, algorithmic justice
- Public/Civil Service Values — accountability, responsiveness
- Probity in governance — concept, philosophical basis
- Sources of ethical guidance — laws · rules · regulations · conscience
- Ethical concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions
- Strengthening ethical and moral values in governance
- Information sharing & transparency · RTI · Citizen Charter
- Code of Ethics vs Code of Conduct
- Work Culture · Quality of Service Delivery
- Utilisation of public funds · Challenges of corruption
- Whistleblowing · Whistle-blower Act
- Corporate Governance · CSR · scandals (Satyam, Enron, IL&FS) as case anchors
- Probity in international relations · funding
- Case studies — administrative dilemmas
- Case studies — corruption · social pressures
- Case studies — moral dilemmas at workplace
- Case studies — environmental ethics, AI ethics, business ethics
- Anti-Corruption Institutions · CVC, Lokpal, Lokayuktas · mechanisms and independence
- Conflict of Interest & Personal Integrity · disclosure, asset declarations, cooling-off periods
- Nolan Principles & Public Service Ethics Frameworks · selflessness, integrity, accountability, leadership
करेंट अफेयर्स
- National polity & governance — bills, judgments, schemes
- Economy & finance — RBI policy, budget, inflation, growth data
- Science & Tech — ISRO launches, defence, AI, semiconductors
- Environment & climate — COPs, IPCC reports, biodiversity
- International relations — bilateral, summits, diasporic events
- Reports & Indices — HDI · Global Hunger · Press Freedom · EPI · GFR · Logistics · Global Innovation · World Inequality
- Awards & honours — Padma · Bharat Ratna · Nobel · Booker · Magsaysay · Jnanpith
- Persons in news — appointments, obituaries
- Sports — major events, individual achievements
- Defence & security — exercises, acquisitions, deployments
- Health — disease outbreaks, vaccines, medical advances
- Government schemes — launches, achievements, criticisms
- Geographic in news — places, channels, straits, conflicts
- Important committees & commissions
- Important international institutions in news
- Books & authors in news · Sahitya Akademi · literary news
- Important days · national & international observances
- Census data · NFHS · PLFS · sample-survey findings
- Indian heritage — UNESCO, GI tags, intangible heritage
CSAT — संख्यात्मक अभियोग्यता
- Number system · LCM · HCF · divisibility · remainders
- Percentages · ratio · proportion · partnership
- Average · alligation · mixtures
- Profit & loss · discount · simple & compound interest
- Time, speed, distance · trains · boats & streams
- Time & work · pipes & cisterns
- Algebra basics · linear equations · quadratic equations
- Permutations & combinations · probability basics
- Geometry · lines · angles · triangles · circles · polygons
- Mensuration · area · volume · surface
- Trigonometry basics · heights & distances
- Statistics basics · mean · median · mode · variance
- Data interpretation · tables · bar · pie · line · multi-graph
- Data sufficiency
- Fractions made simple · understanding parts of a whole
- Decimals and place value · turning fractions into decimals
- BODMAS and simplification · the correct order of operations
- Squares, cubes and roots · quick mental shortcuts
- Powers and indices · the laws of exponents made easy
- Percentages from scratch · what percent really means
- Percentage increase and decrease · successive changes
- Ratio and proportion · sharing in the right amounts
- Averages · finding the middle value
- Profit, loss and discount · the maths of buying and selling
- Simple interest · the basics of borrowing and lending
- Compound interest · interest that earns interest
- Speed, distance and time · the basic relationship
- Trains, boats and streams · relative speed made easy
- Time and work · who finishes the job first
- Pipes and cisterns · filling and emptying tanks
- Mixtures and alligation · mixing in the right ratio
- Problems on ages · past, present and future
- Partnership · sharing profit fairly
- Permutations and combinations · the art of counting
- Probability · measuring how likely something is
- Perimeter and area · measuring flat shapes
- Volume and surface area · measuring solid shapes
- Clocks and calendars · time and day puzzles
CSAT — तर्कशक्ति एवं बोध
- Reading comprehension · passage strategies
- Interpersonal skills · communication · assertive vs aggressive · listening
- Vocabulary in context · synonyms · antonyms · idioms
- Inference & assumption questions
- Tone, theme, central idea identification
- Logical reasoning · syllogisms · venn diagrams
- Statement-conclusion · statement-assumption
- Strengthen-weaken arguments
- Cause and effect · course of action
- Coding-decoding · series · analogies · odd one out
- Seating arrangement · puzzles · blood relations
- Direction sense · ranking · order
- Cube · clocks · calendars
- Decision-making case studies (non-negative marking)
- Problem-solving frameworks · prioritisation
- Mental ability speed drills
- Syllogisms · drawing conclusions from all and some statements
- Analogies · finding the matching relationship
- Classification · finding the odd one out
- Logical Venn diagrams · relationships between groups
- Number series · spotting the hidden rule
- Letter and alphabet series · patterns in letters
- Coding and decoding · cracking secret codes
- Blood relations · solving family-tree puzzles
- Direction sense · finding your way
- Order and ranking · who stands where
- Linear seating arrangement · people in a row
- Circular seating arrangement · people around a table
- Floor and scheduling puzzles · who is where and when
- Cubes and dice · faces, painting and reading dice
- Mathematical operations and symbols · symbol substitution
- Statement and assumptions · what is taken for granted
- Statement and arguments · strong versus weak
- Inference and conclusion · what the passage really says
निबंध
- Essay structure · introduction · body · conclusion
- Approaches — argumentative · narrative · descriptive · expository
- Brainstorming & mind-mapping · structural anchors
- Quotations · examples · case studies · data
- Philosophical themes — values, morality, time
- Political themes — democracy, governance, citizenship
- Economic themes — growth vs equity, globalisation
- Social themes — gender, caste, family, technology
- Ecological themes — climate, sustainability
- Education, art, literature, science themes
- International relations themes
- Women, youth, technology themes
- Practice — past 10 years UPSC essay topics
- Style — coherence, transitions, vocabulary
- Common mistakes · time management in essay paper
- Multilingual writing — English vs medium of choice
अंग्रेज़ी (क्वालिफाइंग)
भारतीय भाषा (क्वालिफाइंग)
वैकल्पिक विषय — लोक प्रशासन
- Paper I — Introduction · meaning, scope, significance
- Paper I — Theories of administration · classical, neoclassical, behavioural
- Paper I — Administrative thought · Wilson, Fayol, Weber, Taylor
- Paper I — Public Policy · models, evaluation
- Paper I — Techniques of administrative improvement
- Paper I — Accountability and control · legislative, executive, judicial
- Paper I — Personnel administration · recruitment, training, motivation
- Paper I — Public finance · budget, audit, accounts
- Paper I — Comparative administration · USA, UK, France, Japan, China
- Paper II — Evolution of Indian administration · Arthashastra · Mughal · British
- Paper II — Indian Constitution · executive, parliament, judiciary
- Paper II — Union government · Cabinet Secretariat · PMO
- Paper II — State government · CM · CS · districts
- Paper II — Civil services · structure · reforms · training
- Paper II — Centre-State relations · federalism issues
- Paper II — Local government · 73rd-74th amendments
- Paper II — Plans and priorities · NITI Aayog
- Paper II — Issues in administration · corruption, transparency
वैकल्पिक विषय — भूगोल
- Paper I — Geomorphology · plate tectonics, landforms, slope analysis
- Paper I — Climatology · atmosphere, weather, world climates
- Paper I — Oceanography · ocean bottom, currents, marine resources
- Paper I — Biogeography · ecosystems, biomes, soils
- Paper I — Environmental geography · climate change, sustainability
- Paper I — Population geography · growth, distribution, migration
- Paper I — Economic geography · agriculture, industry, services
- Paper I — Settlement geography · rural, urban
- Paper I — Political geography · boundaries, geopolitics
- Paper I — Geographical thought · evolution, recent trends
- Paper II — Physical setting of India
- Paper II — Resources of India
- Paper II — Agriculture · cropping, types, problems
- Paper II — Industry · location, regions, problems
- Paper II — Transport, communication, trade
- Paper II — Population · distribution, problems
- Paper II — Settlements
- Paper II — Regional development planning
- Paper II — Political aspects · boundaries, federalism
- Paper II — Contemporary issues · environment, regional disparities
व्यक्तित्व परीक्षण (साक्षात्कार)
- Detailed Application Form (DAF) — common questions
- Hometown · district · state coverage — geography, economy, famous personalities, problems
- Education background · stream-based probes — why UPSC after engineering/medicine/etc.
- Work experience probes · career transition rationale
- Hobbies & interests · structured response · demonstration-ready
- Optional subject probable questions · linking to current affairs
- Service preference rationale · why IAS/IPS/IFS/IRS · alternative careers
- Current affairs of interview period · last 6-12 months focus
- Indian polity & governance current debates — recent bills, judgments, controversies
- Indian economy current debates — Budget, RBI, growth, inflation, unemployment
- India's foreign policy current debates — neighbourhood, multilateral, summits
- Environmental & climate current debates — COP, biodiversity, EIA
- Science & tech in news — ISRO, AI, biotech, defence
- Internal security debates — Manipur, J&K, LWE, cyber
- Social issues — caste census, women's reservation, communalism
- Ethics-based situational questions — dilemmas in district administration
- Conflict-of-interest scenarios · whistleblower dilemmas · friend-family-favouritism cases
- Subordinate management — disciplining seniors-in-age · motivating demoralised teams
- Project deadline vs ethical compromise · ends-vs-means trade-offs
- Public-vs-private gain dilemmas · personal honesty vs institutional pressure
- Leadership & decision-making scenarios
- Critical thinking & analytical reasoning questions
- Mock interviews · feedback themes · video review
- Communication — clarity, conciseness, balance · listening skills
- Body language · eye contact · posture · dress code
- Stress questions · handling disagreement · graceful "I don't know"
- Service-specific awareness — IAS · IPS · IFS · IRS (IT/Customs) · IRTS · IDAS · IIS
- A Day in the Life of an IAS/IPS officer — district administration realities
- Cadre preferences · women in services · service rivalries · interconnections
- Women candidates · marriage, career trade-off questions · gender-sensitive handling
- Differently-abled candidates · accommodations · disclosure
- Group discussion-style probes · multi-board dynamics
- Last-minute prep · revision strategy · self-care · sleep · diet
वैकल्पिक विषय — अर्थशास्त्र
- Paper I — Advanced Microeconomics · consumer theory · production · welfare
- Paper I — Advanced Macroeconomics · classical · Keynesian · monetarist
- Paper I — Money, Banking & Finance · monetary policy · financial markets
- Paper I — International Economics · trade theory · BoP · exchange rates
- Paper I — Growth & Development · models (Harrod-Domar, Solow) · welfare
- Paper I — Public Finance · taxation theory · public expenditure · debt
- Paper I — Environmental Economics · externalities · valuation · Pigou tax
- Paper I — Game theory basics · auctions · mechanism design
- Paper II — Indian economy in pre-Independence era
- Paper II — Indian Economy after Independence — planning, mixed economy
- Paper II — Indian agriculture · land reforms · Green Revolution
- Paper II — Indian industry · industrial policy · LPG reforms
- Paper II — Trade · BoP · FDI · external sector
- Paper II — Money & Banking in India · RBI · banking reforms
- Paper II — Inflation · price stability · monetary policy
- Paper II — Public Finance in India · taxation · GST · fiscal federalism
- Paper II — Inclusive growth · poverty · employment · inequality
- Paper II — Recent reforms · Atmanirbhar Bharat · PLI · UPI
पढ़ना जारी रखें — मुफ़्त
पूरा टॉपिक पाएँ — गहन अध्ययन, प्रारंभिक/मुख्य/साक्षात्कार दृष्टिकोण, माइंड मैप, रिवीज़न कार्ड, AI ट्यूटर और दैनिक करेंट अफेयर्स — हिन्दी और अंग्रेज़ी में।
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