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UPSC Syllabus — subject-wise, with free notes for every unit

The complete UPSC Civil Services syllabus organised by subject. Every unit links to a free study note.

Indian History

  1. Pre-history & proto-history · Stone Age sites
  2. Indus Valley Civilisation · town planning · seals · decline
  3. Vedic Age · Rig-Vedic vs Later-Vedic society
  4. Buddhism, Jainism & heterodox sects
  5. Mahajanapadas & rise of Magadha
  6. Mauryan Empire · Chandragupta · Ashoka · administration · edicts
  7. Post-Mauryan kingdoms · Sungas · Kushans · Satavahanas
  8. Sangam Age · Cheras, Cholas, Pandyas
  9. Gupta Empire · classical synthesis · science · art
  10. Post-Gupta · Harshavardhana · Pallavas · Chalukyas · Rashtrakutas
  11. Early Medieval — Tripartite Struggle · Cholas under Rajaraja & Rajendra
  12. Bhakti & Sufi movements · regional saints
  13. Delhi Sultanate · Slave, Khilji, Tughlaq, Sayyid, Lodi dynasties
  14. Vijayanagara & Bahmani kingdoms
  15. Mughal Empire · Babur to Aurangzeb · Mansabdari · land revenue
  16. Maratha Confederacy · Shivaji · Peshwa rule
  17. Sikh Misls & Maharaja Ranjit Singh
  18. Important battles of medieval/early-modern India — Panipat I 1526 · Khanwa 1527 · Panipat II 1556 · Talikota 1565 · Haldighati 1576 · Wandiwash 1760 · Panipat III 1761
  19. Advent of Europeans · Portuguese, Dutch, English, French
  20. Battle of Plassey 1757 · Buxar 1764 · Diwani · Company rule
  21. British constitutional/administrative Acts — Regulating 1773 · Pitt's India 1784 · Charter 1813/1833/1853 · GoI 1858 · Indian Councils 1861/1892/1909 (Morley-Minto) · Mont-Ford 1919 · GoI 1935 · Indian Independence Act 1947
  22. Governors-General & Viceroys — Hastings · Cornwallis · Wellesley · Bentinck · Dalhousie · Canning · Lytton · Ripon · Curzon · Minto · Hardinge · Chelmsford · Reading · Irwin · Willingdon · Linlithgow · Wavell · Mountbatten
  23. British administration · Permanent Settlement · Ryotwari · Mahalwari
  24. Tribal uprisings — Santhal · Munda · Bhil · Khasi · Kol · Chuar · Naga · Kuki
  25. Peasant movements — Indigo · Deccan · Bardoli · Tebhaga · Telangana · Champaran · Moplah
  26. Workers/labour movements · AITUC · trade unions · strikes
  27. Famines under British rule (Bengal 1770, 1943; Madras, Bihar)
  28. Educational reforms · Charter Act 1813 · Macaulay Minute · Wood's Despatch · Hunter Commission
  29. Indian press history · vernacular press · censorship · Gagging Acts
  30. Revolt of 1857 · causes · spread · aftermath
  31. Socio-religious reform · Brahmo, Arya, Prarthana, Aligarh
  32. Reformers — Raja Ram Mohan Roy · Vidyasagar · Phule · Ranade · Periyar · Sayyid Ahmad Khan
  33. INC foundation · Moderates · Extremists · Surat Split
  34. Swadeshi & Boycott movement · partition of Bengal
  35. Gandhian phase · Champaran · Kheda · Non-Cooperation
  36. Civil Disobedience · Dandi March · Round Table Conferences
  37. Revolutionary nationalism · HRA · HSRA · INA · Bose
  38. Revolutionaries — Bhagat Singh · Chandrashekhar Azad · Sukhdev · Rajguru · Surya Sen (Chittagong) · Khudiram Bose · Madan Lal Dhingra · Ras Behari Bose
  39. INA Trials 1945-46 · Red Fort Trials · Bhulabhai Desai defence
  40. Royal Indian Navy Mutiny 1946 · trigger for British withdrawal
  41. Women in freedom struggle — Sarojini Naidu · Aruna Asaf Ali · Bhikaji Cama · Kasturba · Captain Lakshmi
  42. Pre-Independence missions/plans — August Offer 1940 · Cripps 1942 · CR Plan 1944 · Wavell Plan 1945 · Cabinet Mission 1946 · Mountbatten/3-June Plan 1947
  43. Quit India 1942 · Cabinet Mission · Mountbatten Plan
  44. Partition & Independence 1947 · integration of princely states
  45. Post-Independence — linguistic reorganisation · States Reorganisation Commission 1953-56
  46. Land reforms post-1947 · abolition of zamindari · ceiling acts · Bhoodan
  47. Five-Year Plans · Nehruvian socialism · mixed economy debates
  48. Operation Polo · Kashmir accession · 1962, 1965, 1971 wars
  49. Bangladesh liberation 1971 · Simla Agreement 1972
  50. Operation Vijay 1961 (Goa liberation) · Operation Cactus 1988 (Maldives) · IPKF in Sri Lanka 1987-90
  51. Pokhran-I (Smiling Buddha) 1974 · Pokhran-II (Shakti) 1998 · NSG response
  52. Kargil War 1999 · Operation Vijay · Tiger Hill · NDA-led response
  53. Emergency 1975-77 · Mandal · Mandir · Liberalisation 1991
  54. Home Rule Movement 1915-16 · Tilak & Annie Besant · Lucknow Pact 1916
  55. Growth of communalism · Muslim League · Two-Nation Theory · Lahore Resolution 1940
  56. Constitutional negotiations 1927-32 · Simon Commission · Nehru Report · Poona Pact · Communal Award
  57. Economic impact of colonialism · Drain of Wealth · deindustrialisation · commercialisation of agriculture
  58. Dr B.R. Ambedkar & the anti-caste movement · Mahad · temple entry · Poona Pact · annihilation of caste
  59. Sino-Indian War 1962 · NEFA & Aksai Chin · Forward Policy · Henderson-Brooks
  60. Rowlatt Act · Jallianwala Bagh massacre 1919 · Rowlatt Satyagraha

Art & Culture

  1. Indian architecture — temple styles · Nagara · Dravida · Vesara
  2. Buddhist architecture · stupas · chaityas · viharas
  3. Cave architecture — Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, Bagh
  4. Indo-Islamic architecture · Delhi Sultanate · Mughal
  5. Colonial & post-colonial Indian architecture
  6. Indian sculpture · Gandhara · Mathura · Amaravati schools
  7. Bronze sculpture · Chola
  8. Painting — Murals · miniatures · Rajput, Mughal, Pahari schools
  9. Modern painting — Bengal school · Progressive Artists Group
  10. Tribal & folk paintings — Warli, Madhubani (Mithila), Pithora, Gond, Kalighat, Kalamkari, Pattachitra, Phad
  11. Textile heritage — Banarasi, Kanchipuram, Pochampally, Phulkari, Chikankari, Kalamkari, Bandhani, Pashmina
  12. Embroidery traditions — Zardozi, Kantha, Kasuti, Aari, Chamba Rumal
  13. Pottery traditions — Khurja, Khanapur, terracotta, blue pottery of Jaipur
  14. Classical dance · Bharatanatyam · Kathak · Odissi · Kathakali · Manipuri · Kuchipudi · Mohiniyattam · Sattriya
  15. Dance gurus & exponents — Rukmini Devi · Birju Maharaj · Sonal Mansingh · Mrinalini Sarabhai · Yamini Krishnamurthy · Sitara Devi · Kelucharan Mohapatra
  16. Folk and tribal dances — region-wise mapping (Bhangra, Garba, Lavani, Bihu, Chhau, Ghoomar, Dollu Kunitha, Yakshagana, Kalbelia, Karagam, Bhavai)
  17. Hindustani vs Carnatic classical music · gharanas
  18. Indian musical instruments — string (sitar, sarangi, veena, sarod, santoor) · wind (shehnai, bansuri, nadaswaram) · percussion (tabla, mridangam, pakhawaj, ghatam, dholak)
  19. Notable musicians — Tansen · Tyagaraja · Bhimsen Joshi · Bismillah Khan · Ravi Shankar · MS Subbulakshmi · Lata Mangeshkar · Hariprasad Chaurasia · Zakir Hussain · Amjad Ali Khan
  20. Folk music traditions
  21. Theatre · Sanskrit drama · folk theatre — Yakshagana, Nautanki, Ramleela, Tamasha, Jatra
  22. Indian cinema heritage · Dadasaheb Phalke · regional cinema · National Film Awards
  23. Indian literature — Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit, Tamil Sangam
  24. Bhakti literature · regional languages
  25. Modern Indian literature · Jnanpith laureates
  26. Religion & philosophy — six orthodox systems (Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mimamsa, Vedanta)
  27. Buddhism · Hinayana · Mahayana · Vajrayana · Theravada · 4 Buddhist Councils (Rajagriha · Vaishali · Pataliputra · Kashmir)
  28. Jainism · Mahavira · Digambara · Shvetambara · Sthanakvasi · Terapanthi · Jain Councils
  29. Sikhism · 10 Gurus · Adi Granth · Khalsa · Singh Sabha movement
  30. Famous temples of India — Brihadeshwara (Thanjavur) · Konark Sun Temple · Jagannath Puri · Meenakshi (Madurai) · Kailasanatha (Ellora) · Khajuraho · Modhera Sun Temple · Somnath · Vaishno Devi · Tirupati · Lingaraja · Lord Venkateswara · Padmanabhaswamy · Akshardham
  31. Famous mosques · churches · gurdwaras · synagogues of India
  32. Indian science heritage — Aryabhata, Bhaskara, Brahmagupta, Sushruta, Charaka, Nagarjuna
  33. Languages of India · scheduled languages · script families
  34. Major festivals · pan-India and regional · tribal festivals
  35. Numismatics · coins from Indus to Mughal · British coinage
  36. Crafts & GI tags · folk crafts · contemporary craft revival
  37. UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India
  38. Intangible cultural heritage — Kumbh, Yoga, Vedic chanting, Durga Puja, Garba
  39. Martial arts of India — Kalaripayattu, Silambam, Gatka, Thang-Ta, Mardani Khel
  40. Important institutions · ASI, INTACH, Sahitya Akademi, Sangeet Natak Akademi, Lalit Kala Akademi, IGNCA
  41. Indian Puppet Theatre · Kathputli · Shadow Theatre · Regional Traditions
  42. Sacred Geometry in Indian Temples · Sulbasutras · Vastu & Proportions · Astronomical Alignments
  43. Indian Metalwork & Decorative Arts · Bidri · Dhokra · Metal Casting · Woodcraft

World History

  1. Renaissance, Reformation, Age of Discovery · Da Vinci · Michelangelo · Galileo · Copernicus · Erasmus · Shakespeare · Luther · Calvin
  2. American Revolution & US Constitution · Washington · Jefferson · Franklin · Federalist Papers
  3. French Revolution 1789 & rise of nationalism · Voltaire · Rousseau · Diderot · Montesquieu · Robespierre · Marat
  4. Latin American independence · Simón Bolívar · José de San Martín · Toussaint Louverture (Haiti)
  5. Industrial Revolution · phases · global impact
  6. Napoleonic era & Congress of Vienna
  7. Unification of Germany & Italy
  8. Imperialism in Asia & Africa
  9. World War I · causes · course · Treaty of Versailles
  10. Russian Revolution 1917 · Bolsheviks · USSR · Lenin · Trotsky · Stalin
  11. Inter-war period · Great Depression · rise of fascism · Mussolini · Hitler · Tojo
  12. World War II · causes · theatres · UN formation
  13. Decolonisation · Asia · Africa · Middle East
  14. Pan-Africanism · African nationalism · Nkrumah · Nyerere · Mandela · apartheid struggle
  15. Latin American independence movements · Bolivar · 19th-century revolutions
  16. Suez Crisis 1956 · Arab-Israeli wars · Iran-Iraq war · Palestinian question
  17. Cold War · NATO · Warsaw Pact · proxy wars
  18. Chinese Revolution & Mao Zedong · Long March · Cultural Revolution
  19. Vietnam War · Ho Chi Minh · Korean War · Cuban Revolution · Fidel Castro · Bay of Pigs · Cuban Missile Crisis
  20. Détente · Glasnost · Perestroika · disintegration of USSR
  21. Globalisation · WTO · regional blocs · 21st-century challenges
  22. Political philosophies — liberalism, socialism, communism, fascism, capitalism
  23. Enlightenment · Locke · Hobbes · Kant · Montesquieu · empiricism · rationalism · natural rights
  24. American Civil War · Union vs Confederacy · abolition of slavery · industrial warfare · global implications
  25. Opium Wars & Western imperialism in China · Treaty of Nanking · extraterritoriality · Meiji Restoration context

Indian Geography

  1. Location, extent, neighbours · maritime claims
  2. Physiographic divisions · Himalayas · Northern Plains · Peninsular · Coastal · Islands
  3. Himalayan ranges — Trans-Himalayas (Karakoram, Ladakh, Zanskar) · Greater Himalaya (Himadri) · Middle Himalaya (Himachal) · Shivalik (Outer) · Purvanchal
  4. Major Himalayan passes — Khyber · Bolan · Karakoram · Khardung La · Banihal · Zojila · Shipki La · Rohtang · Lipulekh · Mana · Niti · Nathula · Jelep La · Bumla · Bomdila · Pansela
  5. Major peaks — K2 (Godwin-Austen) · Kanchenjunga · Nanga Parbat · Nanda Devi · Anamudi (Western Ghats) · Doddabetta (Nilgiris) · Mahendragiri (Eastern Ghats) · Dhupgarh (Satpura)
  6. Major lakes of India — Wular (largest freshwater) · Dal · Chilika (largest brackish) · Pulicat · Sambhar (largest saltwater) · Pangong · Tso Moriri · Loktak · Vembanad (longest in Kerala) · Kolleru
  7. Drainage — Himalayan rivers · Peninsular rivers · river interlinking
  8. Climate · monsoon mechanism · Indian seasons
  9. Climate classification · Köppen · agro-climatic zones
  10. Soils of India · ICAR classification · degradation
  11. Natural vegetation & forest types · Champion classification
  12. Wildlife · biogeographic zones
  13. Agriculture · cropping patterns · MSP · Green Revolution
  14. Irrigation · canal · tank · groundwater · micro-irrigation
  15. Mineral resources · iron, coal, oil, atomic minerals · distribution
  16. Energy resources · thermal · hydro · nuclear · renewable
  17. Industries · iron-steel · textile · IT · pharma · automotive · chemicals
  18. Industrial location factors — raw material · labour · market · power · transport · capital (Weber, Lösch)
  19. Industrial regions — Mumbai-Pune · Hugli · Bangalore-Chennai · Gujarat · Vizag-Guntur · Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram · Chota Nagpur
  20. Services sector geography — IT corridors · BPO cities · tourism circuits · healthcare hubs
  21. Industrial corridors · DMIC · CBIC · ABIC · ECEC · BMIC
  22. Major dams & multi-purpose projects — Bhakra-Nangal · Hirakud · Tehri · Sardar Sarovar · Indira Sagar · Nagarjuna Sagar · Almatti
  23. Transport — rail · road · National Highways · Golden Quadrilateral · NS-EW Corridor · waterways · ports · Sagarmala · UDAN
  24. Population — distribution · growth · sex ratio · literacy
  25. Tribes of India · scheduled tribes · isolated tribes
  26. Urbanisation · smart cities · migration patterns
  27. Settlements — rural and urban patterns
  28. Disasters in Indian geography — floods, droughts, cyclones, landslides
  29. Western & Eastern Ghats · Sahyadri · orographic rainfall · biodiversity hotspot · peninsular river sources

World Geography

  1. Origin & evolution of Earth · Continental drift · Plate tectonics
  2. Interior of Earth · earthquakes · volcanism
  3. Landforms — fluvial · glacial · aeolian · marine · karst
  4. Atmosphere · composition · temperature · pressure · winds
  5. Climatic regions of the world · Köppen system
  6. Oceanography · ocean currents · salinity · tides · marine resources
  7. Soil & biomes — tundra · taiga · temperate · tropical
  8. Continents — physical features mapping
  9. World agriculture — staple zones · wheat belt · corn belt · cotton belt · rice belt · plantation belts
  10. World agroecological regions · soil-climate-crop matrix
  11. Major rivers of the world — Nile · Amazon · Yangtze · Mississippi · Yenisei · Ob · Yellow · Congo · Mekong · Volga · Danube
  12. Major mountain ranges of the world — Himalayas · Andes · Rockies · Alps · Atlas · Urals · Caucasus · Pyrenees · Drakensberg · Great Dividing Range
  13. Major deserts of the world — Sahara · Arabian · Gobi · Patagonian · Great Victoria · Kalahari · Thar · Atacama · Namib · Karakum · Sonoran
  14. Major lakes of the world — Caspian Sea (largest) · Superior · Victoria · Huron · Michigan · Tanganyika · Baikal (deepest) · Great Bear · Malawi · Erie · Aral · Dead Sea
  15. Major islands of the world — Greenland · New Guinea · Borneo · Madagascar · Baffin · Sumatra · Honshu · Great Britain · Ellesmere · Sulawesi
  16. World industries — major industrial regions (Ruhr, Tokyo Bay, Northeast US, Silicon Valley, Pearl River Delta)
  17. World mineral & energy resources · global distribution
  18. Population — global distribution · migration · demographics
  19. Climate change · global warming · ice-cap melt · sea-level rise
  20. Ocean acidification · coral bleaching
  21. Important straits, canals, channels, gulfs
  22. Critical geographical features in news (Israel-Palestine, Sahel, Arctic, etc.)
  23. Tropical cyclones · formation · eye & eyewall · storm surge · hurricane/typhoon/cyclone · naming · intensity scales

Indian Society

  1. Salient features of Indian society · unity in diversity
  2. Caste system · jatis · varnas · contemporary dynamics
  3. Religious diversity & communalism
  4. Linguistic diversity · regionalism · sons-of-soil
  5. Tribal society · vulnerable tribal groups · PVTGs
  6. Family — joint, nuclear, transition
  7. Indian family laws — Hindu Marriage Act 1955 · Special Marriage Act 1954 · Hindu Succession Amendment 2005 · Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act 2019 · UCC debate
  8. Khap panchayats · honour killings · inter-caste/inter-faith marriages
  9. Surrogacy (Regulation) Act 2021 · Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Act 2021
  10. Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act 2021
  11. Status of women · gender gap · GSI · violence against women
  12. Women movements in India · feminism · #MeToo
  13. Population trends · demographic dividend · ageing
  14. Family planning policies · NFHS findings
  15. Child issues · child labour · child marriage · POCSO
  16. Urbanisation · slums · migration · gentrification
  17. Globalisation impact on Indian culture, family, work
  18. Poverty & hunger · multidimensional poverty · HDI
  19. Social empowerment — SC, ST, OBC, EWS reservation
  20. Disability — Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016
  21. Transgender community · NALSA case · 2019 Act
  22. Communalism, regionalism, secularism · Indian state and religion
  23. Role of NGOs, SHGs, civil society
  24. Social movements — Chipko, Narmada, Anti-corruption
  25. Processes of social change · Sanskritisation · Westernisation · Modernisation · Secularisation · social mobility
  26. Ageing society & welfare of the elderly · Maintenance & Welfare of Parents Act 2007 · silver economy · NPOP
  27. Digital society & social media · misinformation · digital divide · online polarisation · gig culture

Indian Polity & Constitution

  1. Historical underpinnings · Constitutional development · GoI Acts 1858-1935
  2. Making of the Constitution · Constituent Assembly · drafting committee
  3. Sources of the Constitution · borrowed features · UK, US, Ireland, Canada, etc.
  4. Preamble · keywords · 42nd Amendment
  5. Salient features of the Constitution
  6. Schedules of the Constitution · 1st to 12th · contents & evolution
  7. Comparative constitutional schemes — India vs USA, UK, France, Australia
  8. Citizenship (Articles 5-11) · CAA · OCI · PIO
  9. Fundamental Rights (Part III) · Articles 12-35
  10. Article 21 jurisprudence · right to privacy (Puttaswamy) · right to life · death penalty
  11. Right to Freedom of Religion · Article 25-28
  12. DPSP (Part IV) · Articles 36-51 · Fundamental Duties
  13. Union Executive · President · Vice-President · PM · Cabinet · AGI
  14. Parliament · Lok Sabha · Rajya Sabha · sessions · functions
  15. Parliamentary procedures · motions · committees · privileges
  16. Anti-defection law · Schedule X · Speaker's powers
  17. Women's Reservation (Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam) Act 2023
  18. Supreme Court · jurisdiction · judicial review · PIL
  19. High Courts · subordinate courts · NJAC verdict · collegium
  20. Tribunals — CAT · AFT · NCLT · NCLAT · ITAT · CESTAT · NGT
  21. State Government · Governor · CM · Council of Ministers · Legislature
  22. Centre-State Relations · legislative · administrative · financial
  23. Inter-State Council · Zonal Councils · GST Council · National Integration Council
  24. Inter-State Water Disputes — Cauvery · Krishna · Godavari · Mullaperiyar · Ravi-Beas · Mahadayi · ISWD Act 1956
  25. Important committees & commissions — Sarkaria (1983) · Punchhi (2007) · Verma 2013 (women safety) · Lodha 2014 (cricket reforms) · Mukul Mudgal · Kothari 1986 (civil services) · ARC I & II · NCRWC
  26. Finance Commissions — 14th, 15th, 16th · ToR · vertical/horizontal devolution
  27. Local Government · 73rd & 74th Amendments · PRIs · ULBs
  28. Scheduled & Tribal Areas · 5th & 6th Schedule
  29. Special Provisions — J&K Art 370 abrogation · Art 371 series for NE
  30. Emergency Provisions · National · State · Financial
  31. Constitutional Amendments · process · basic structure · Kesavananda
  32. Constitutional Bodies — ECI · UPSC · State PSC · Finance Commission · CAG · AG
  33. Statutory Bodies — NHRC · SHRC · CIC · CVC · Lokpal · NCW · NCM · NCBC · NCST · NCSC
  34. Regulatory & Quasi-judicial Bodies — TRAI · SEBI · IRDAI · CCI · NGT
  35. Non-Constitutional Bodies — NITI Aayog · National Development Council
  36. Political Parties · Anti-defection · Representation of People Act 1950 & 1951
  37. Pressure groups & civil society — FICCI · CII · ASSOCHAM · ICAR · trade unions · farmer unions · student unions
  38. Elections · Model Code of Conduct · electoral reforms · NOTA · VVPAT · Electoral Bonds case
  39. Coalition politics · pre-poll/post-poll alliances · Sarkaria-Punchhi on governor
  40. One Nation One Election debate · simultaneous elections committee
  41. Lateral entry in civil services · Mission Karmayogi
  42. Recent landmark SC judgments — Sabarimala · Triple Talaq · Section 377 · Aadhaar · Article 370
  43. Writs & writ jurisdiction · Article 32 & 226 · habeas corpus · mandamus · certiorari · prohibition · quo warranto
  44. Constitutional doctrines · judicial review · separation of powers · basic structure · pith and substance · colourable legislation
  45. Cooperative & competitive federalism · NITI Aayog · GST Council · fiscal federalism
  46. Official Language & the Eighth Schedule · Articles 343-351 · classical languages · three-language formula
  47. Delimitation & reservation of seats · Article 82 · 330-334 · Delimitation Commission · seat freeze

Governance

  1. Governance — meaning, dimensions, good governance
  2. Citizen Charters & service delivery
  3. Right to Information (RTI) Act 2005 · amendments
  4. e-Governance · Digital India · UMANG · DBT · Aadhaar · DigiLocker · e-Courts Mission Mode · MyGov · BharatNet · CSC
  5. Civil Services in democracy · neutrality · accountability
  6. Civil Service reforms · 2nd ARC recommendations · lateral entry
  7. Cooperative federalism · NITI Aayog · GST Council
  8. Public Policy formulation & implementation — agenda setting · design · execution · evaluation · feedback (Lasswell, Dye)
  9. Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections · convergence
  10. Issues in implementation · last-mile delivery · leakage
  11. Mechanisms, laws, institutions for protection of vulnerable sections
  12. Health, Education, Human Resources — sector overview
  13. Poverty & hunger interventions
  14. NGOs, SHGs, charities, institutional & non-institutional actors
  15. Pressure groups in policy
  16. Sevottam framework · public service delivery standards
  17. Right to Services Acts · state-level guarantees
  18. Public-Private Partnership in governance · viability gap funding
  19. Mission Karmayogi · iGOT · capacity building of civil servants
  20. Social audit · MGNREGA audits · social accountability
  21. Specific government commissions — Sarkaria, Punchhi, ARC I & II, Kothari
  22. Probity in governance · code of ethics · code of conduct
  23. Whistleblowers Protection Act 2014
  24. Lokpal and Lokayuktas
  25. Public Procurement and CSR
  26. Regulatory governance & the regulatory state · independent regulators · Regulatory Impact Assessment · Jan Vishwas Act 2023
  27. Grievance redressal & citizen-centric governance · CPGRAMS · ombudsman · feedback loops
  28. Digital Public Infrastructure & India Stack · Aadhaar · UPI · DigiLocker · ONDC · DPI diplomacy

Social Justice

  1. Constitutional and legal framework for vulnerable sections
  2. Schedule Castes — welfare, reservation, atrocities
  3. Scheduled Tribes — PESA, Forest Rights Act 2006, TSP
  4. Other Backward Classes — reservation, sub-categorisation
  5. Economically Weaker Sections — 103rd Amendment
  6. Minority Welfare — National Commission for Minorities
  7. Women — laws, schemes, institutions (NCW, OSC, SHe-Box)
  8. Key women-focused schemes — Beti Bachao Beti Padhao · PM Ujjwala Yojana · Sukanya Samriddhi · Mahila Samakhya · Mission Shakti · Sakhi One-Stop Centres · Stand-up India
  9. Frontline women workers — ASHA · Anganwadi · ANM · roles, recognition, remuneration debates
  10. Children — POCSO, ICDS, Mid-Day Meal (PM POSHAN), juvenile justice
  11. Persons with Disabilities — RPwD Act 2016, accessible India
  12. Senior Citizens — MWPSC Act 2007, schemes
  13. Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2019
  14. Health policy — NHP 2017, Ayushman Bharat, PMJAY, HWCs
  15. Maternal & child health — NHM, JSY, POSHAN Abhiyaan
  16. Mental Health Care Act 2017 · NIMH
  17. Education policy — NEP 2020 · NCF · ASER findings
  18. Higher Education — NIRF, RUSA, HEFA, regulators (UGC/AICTE)
  19. Skill development — NSDC, PMKVY, Skill India
  20. Hunger & nutrition — PDS, NFSA 2013, ICDS
  21. Important welfare schemes — PMAY, PM-KISAN, MGNREGA, PMUY, PM SVANidhi, PM-DAKSH
  22. LGBTQ+ rights — NALSA 2014, Section 377 striking (Navtej Singh Johar), Transgender Act 2019
  23. Migrant workers · inter-state migrants · e-Shram portal · welfare schemes
  24. Urban poor & slum dwellers · PMAY-U · DAY-NULM
  25. Mental health awareness · MH Care Act 2017 · Tele MANAS · suicide prevention
  26. Elderly welfare · MWPSC Act · NPHCE · elder abuse · pensions
  27. Poverty estimation — Tendulkar, Rangarajan, MPI
  28. Denotified Tribes · Criminal Tribes Act repeal · rehabilitation & welfare schemes
  29. Bonded Labour System Abolition Act 1976 · rescue & rehabilitation mechanisms
  30. Unorganized Sector Workers · Building Construction Act · occupational safety & welfare

Indian Economy

  1. National Income & accounting · GDP · GVA · NNI · Per capita
  2. Inclusive growth · concept · measurement
  3. Planning in India · five-year plans legacy · NITI Aayog
  4. Bombay Plan 1944 · People's Plan · Gandhian Plan · Sarvodaya Plan · historical antecedents
  5. Public Sector Undertakings — Maharatna · Navratna · Miniratna · CPSE governance
  6. Disinvestment — DIPAM · strategic vs minority · Air India · BPCL · LIC IPO · privatization debates
  7. Mobilisation of resources · domestic savings · investment
  8. Money supply · M0 to M3 · monetary aggregates
  9. Reserve Bank of India · monetary policy · MPC · repo rate
  10. Inflation · types · CPI vs WPI · core inflation · stagflation
  11. Banking sector · public · private · cooperative · RRBs
  12. Bank nationalisation history — 1969 & 1980 · post-1991 consolidation
  13. Banking reforms · NPAs · IBC · AMC · Bad Bank
  14. Demonetisation 2016 · objectives · outcomes · cash-to-GDP debate
  15. UPI ecosystem · NPCI · RuPay · BHIM · cross-border UPI
  16. Cryptocurrency · RBI digital currency (CBDC e-Rupee) · regulation
  17. Capital markets · SEBI · primary vs secondary · IPO · F&O
  18. Stock markets · BSE · NSE · Sensex · Nifty · indices
  19. Mutual funds · AIFs · REITs · InvITs
  20. Insurance sector · IRDAI · LIC IPO
  21. Public Finance · taxation · direct vs indirect
  22. GST · structure · GST Council · compensation
  23. Direct Tax Code debate · personal income tax reforms
  24. Fiscal policy · FRBM Act · fiscal deficit · revenue deficit
  25. Union Budget · components · cycle · capital vs revenue
  26. Finance Commission · devolution · grants-in-aid
  27. Public Debt · sustainability · external commercial borrowings
  28. External Sector · BoP · current account · capital account
  29. Foreign exchange · reserves · exchange rate regimes
  30. FDI · FPI · routes · sectoral caps
  31. Trade policy · Foreign Trade Policy · SEZs · MEIS replacement
  32. Industrial policy · LPG reforms · Make in India · PLI · Start-up India
  33. Atmanirbhar Bharat · 5 pillars · sector-wise reforms
  34. Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) — 14 sectors · outcomes
  35. MSMEs · classification · Udyam · credit access
  36. Cooperative movement · IFFCO · KRIBHCO · cooperative federalism
  37. Microfinance · MFIs · SHGs · Bandhan · joint liability groups
  38. Financial inclusion · Jan Dhan · Mudra · PM Vishwakarma
  39. Industrial corridors · National Infrastructure Pipeline · Gati Shakti
  40. Services sector · IT-BPO · tourism · financial services
  41. Infrastructure · PPP models · HAM · BOT · TOT
  42. Energy sector · electricity, oil & gas reforms
  43. Employment · NSSO/PLFS data · informal sector
  44. Inequality · Gini coefficient · top-decile share · World Inequality Report
  45. Economic Survey · annual themes · key chapters · advance estimates
  46. NITI Aayog reports & indices — Aspirational Districts · SDG India Index · Health Index · Innovation Index · Export Preparedness
  47. Inclusive growth schemes · MGNREGA · DBT · UBI debate
  48. Land reforms · ceiling acts · land records digitisation
  49. Effects of liberalisation · benefits · inequalities · environmental cost
  50. WTO & India's trade architecture · GATT · Agreement on Agriculture · TRIPS · SPS/TBT · dispute settlement · peace clause
  51. Climate finance & green economy · sovereign green bonds · ESG · carbon markets · climate budgeting · just transition
  52. Poverty & its estimation · poverty line · Tendulkar (2009) · Rangarajan (2014) · Multidimensional Poverty Index

Agriculture

  1. Major crops · cropping patterns · cropping seasons
  2. Land use & landholding · operational land holdings
  3. Irrigation systems · canal · tank · drip · sprinkler · PMKSY
  4. Agricultural inputs · seeds · fertilisers · pesticides
  5. Agricultural credit · KCC · NABARD
  6. Agricultural marketing · APMC · e-NAM · Model APLM Act · Contract Farming Act
  7. Crop insurance — Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) · Restructured Weather-Based Crop Insurance · subscription mechanics
  8. Minimum Support Price · CACP · procurement · DCP
  9. Public Distribution System · TPDS · NFSA 2013
  10. Food security · Right to Food · ICDS · PM Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana
  11. Agricultural subsidies · fertiliser, power, irrigation subsidies
  12. Buffer stocks · FCI · operational, buffer norms
  13. Cooperative & contract farming
  14. Land reforms — ceiling, tenancy, consolidation
  15. Soil health card · soil conservation
  16. Horticulture · MIDH · Operation Greens
  17. Indian Revolutions — Green · White (dairy) · Yellow (oilseeds) · Pink (poultry/meat) · Blue (fisheries) · Silver (eggs) · Golden (horticulture/honey)
  18. Animal rearing · dairy · poultry · fisheries · cattle breeds · Rashtriya Gokul Mission
  19. Food processing · Mega Food Parks · PMKSY pillars · PMFME for micro units
  20. Food fortification · FSSAI standards · rice fortification scheme
  21. Agricultural exports · APEDA · spices · marine · agri-export policy
  22. Climate-smart agriculture · zero budget natural farming · ZBNF · agroecology
  23. Organic farming · Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana · NPOP · Jaivik Bharat
  24. Watershed development · Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana · soil moisture conservation
  25. GM crops · Bt Cotton · Bt Brinjal · GEAC
  26. Farmers' producer organisations (FPOs) · 10,000 FPOs scheme
  27. Recent reforms — 3 Farm Laws (repealed) · MSP committee
  28. PM-KISAN · Modified Interest Subvention Scheme · KCC saturation
  29. Agricultural mechanisation · farm machinery · SMAM · custom hiring · reduce drudgery
  30. Integrated pest and disease management · IPM systems · extension services · pest outbreaks
  31. Soil testing labs and nutrient management extension · NTEP · soil health diagnostics infrastructure

Science & Technology

  1. Space technology · ISRO history · launch vehicles (SLV, ASLV, PSLV, GSLV, LVM3, SSLV)
  2. Space missions — Chandrayaan series · Mangalyaan · Aditya-L1 · XPoSat · Gaganyaan · Shukrayaan
  3. NavIC / IRNSS · GAGAN · communication satellites
  4. Recent launches and commercial space (NSIL, IN-SPACe, Skyroot Vikram-S, Agnikul Agnibaan, Pixxel)
  5. Famous Indian scientists — Vikram Sarabhai · Homi Bhabha · CV Raman · Satish Dhawan · APJ Kalam · MS Swaminathan · K Radhakrishnan
  6. Defence technology · DRDO · indigenous platforms (Tejas, Arjun, INS Vikrant)
  7. DRDO laboratories — DRDL, ARDE, HEMRL, RCI, ADE, ADRDE, DEAL, DLRL, SSPL, INMAS · 50+ labs across domains
  8. Atomic energy infrastructure — BARC · IGCAR · VECC · AERB · NPCIL · UCIL · BRNS
  9. ICAR institutes — IARI, NDRI, IVRI, CIFE, CIFRI, NBPGR · research network of 100+ institutes
  10. Missile programs — Agni, BrahMos, Akash, Astra, K-series SLBMs, hypersonic
  11. Nuclear programme · 3-stage · thorium · fusion research (ITER, SST-1)
  12. Civil nuclear cooperation · NSG · IAEA · safeguards
  13. IT & Computers · AI · ML · deep learning · LLMs
  14. Quantum technologies · National Mission · NQM
  15. Semiconductors · ISM · fabs · India Semiconductor Mission
  16. 5G / 6G · TSDSI · indigenous telecom stack
  17. Biotechnology · DNA technology · CRISPR · gene editing · GM crops
  18. Health tech · mRNA vaccines · Co-WIN · digital health
  19. Stem cells & gene therapy · BIRAC initiatives
  20. Nanotechnology · National Mission · applications
  21. Robotics & automation
  22. Drone technology · Drone Rules 2021 · DGCA · Kisan Drones · counter-drone
  23. Genome India project · DNA Technology (Use & Application) Bill
  24. Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023
  25. INSPIRE & innovation programmes · DST initiatives
  26. Energy technologies · solar (NSM) · wind · hydrogen mission · nuclear fusion
  27. Electric vehicles · FAME-II · battery technologies
  28. Indian pharmaceutical industry · generics · CRAMS · vaccines
  29. Awareness in IPR · TRIPS · Indian Patent Act 1970 · patent filing trends
  30. Achievements of Indians in S&T — recent Nobel/Bhatnagar/Ramanujan
  31. Indigenisation of technology · technology missions · NITI Frontier Tech Hub
  32. Supercomputing & HPC · National Supercomputing Mission · C-DAC PARAM series · AIRAWAT · exascale
  33. Space debris & Space Situational Awareness · NETRA · IS4OM · Kessler syndrome · Debris-Free Space Missions 2030
  34. India in global mega-science · LIGO-India · CERN · ITER · SKA · India-based Neutrino Observatory
  35. Synthetic biology & bio-manufacturing · BioE3 Policy 2024 · bio-foundries · smart proteins

Environment & Ecology

  1. Ecosystems · structure · functions · energy flow · food chains, webs
  2. Productivity · ecological pyramids · ecotones · niche
  3. Biogeochemical cycles · carbon · nitrogen · phosphorus · water
  4. Biodiversity · genetic, species, ecosystem · hotspots in India
  5. Protected Area network · National Parks · Wildlife Sanctuaries · CR · BR
  6. IUCN Red List · CITES · CMS · Ramsar Convention
  7. Indian flagship species & schemes · Project Tiger, Elephant, Snow Leopard, Dolphin, Lion, Crocodile, Hangul, Dugong
  8. Endemic species of India — Lion-tailed Macaque, Nilgiri Tahr, Asiatic Lion, Sangai, Pygmy Hog, Great Indian Bustard, Olive Ridley
  9. Important biosphere reserves — Nilgiri, Nanda Devi, Gulf of Mannar, Sundarbans, Pachmarhi, Khangchendzonga, Seshachalam, Cold Desert, Manas, Simlipal, Dibru-Saikhowa, Dehang-Debang, Agasthyamalai, Achanakmar-Amarkantak
  10. Major Tiger Reserves — Jim Corbett · Bandhavgarh · Kanha · Tadoba · Periyar · Sundarbans · Manas · Kaziranga · Ranthambore · Nagarjunsagar Srisailam · Sariska · Pench · Satpura · Buxa · Indravati · Anamalai · Bandipur · Mudumalai · BRT · Sariska (54+ total)
  11. Important bird sanctuaries — Keoladeo Ghana (Bharatpur) · Salim Ali (Goa) · Sultanpur · Vedanthangal · Chilika · Nal Sarovar · Ranganathittu · Kumarakom · Mayani
  12. Marine protected areas — Gulf of Mannar Marine NP · Marine NP Gulf of Kachchh · Wandur (A&N) · Mahatma Gandhi Marine NP
  13. Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 · Schedule changes
  14. Forest types of India · Champion classification · NFP
  15. Forest Conservation Act 1980 · 2023 Amendment · forest rights
  16. Joint Forest Management · agroforestry · social forestry
  17. Climate change · greenhouse gases · feedback loops
  18. UNFCCC · Kyoto · Paris Agreement · NDCs · CBDR-RC
  19. COP outcomes · loss & damage fund · Article 6
  20. IPCC reports · AR6 findings
  21. Carbon markets · CDM · India CCTS · ETS
  22. Climate change adaptation & mitigation in India · NAPCC · SAPCCs
  23. Air Pollution · sources · NCAP · SAFAR · CPCB · graded action
  24. Water pollution · CWC · Namami Gange · Yamuna · groundwater
  25. Soil pollution · industrial · agricultural · remediation
  26. Plastic & solid waste · EPR · Single-Use Plastic ban · SWM Rules
  27. E-waste · Hazardous waste · biomedical waste rules
  28. Noise pollution · radioactive contamination
  29. Environmental Impact Assessment · EIA 2006 · Draft EIA 2020
  30. Environment (Protection) Act 1986 · Air, Water acts
  31. National Green Tribunal · CPCB · SPCBs
  32. Sustainable development · SDGs · ESG · circular economy
  33. Renewable energy targets · ISA · green hydrogen mission · 500 GW non-fossil 2030
  34. Wetlands · Ramsar sites in India (80+) · Montreux Record
  35. Eco-sensitive zones · ESZ around protected areas · ESA
  36. Western Ghats · Gadgil & Kasturirangan reports · ESAs
  37. Sundarbans · Himalayan ecology · NMHS
  38. Invasive alien species · Lantana, Prosopis, African catfish, GLAS
  39. Project Cheetah · Kuno reintroduction · African cheetahs
  40. Vulture Action Plan · diclofenac ban · breeding centres
  41. Marine biodiversity · corals · mangroves · MPAs · sea grass
  42. COP28 outcomes · loss & damage fund · global stocktake
  43. India's 2070 net-zero pledge · LiFE mission
  44. ESG investing · sovereign green bonds · taxonomy
  45. Pollinator decline · bees · IPBES warnings
  46. Important international reports · LPR · GBO · IPBES · Emissions Gap
  47. Convention on Biological Diversity · Nagoya & Cartagena Protocols · Biological Diversity Act 2002 & 2023 · NBA · Global Biodiversity Framework
  48. Ozone depletion · Montreal Protocol · Kigali Amendment · ozone hole · CFCs & HFCs
  49. Genetically Modified crops & biosafety · GEAC · Bt cotton · Bt brinjal · GM mustard · Cartagena Protocol
  50. Desertification & land degradation · UNCCD · COP14 Delhi · Land Degradation Neutrality · Bonn Challenge

Internal Security

  1. Linkages between development and spread of extremism
  2. Left-Wing Extremism · Red Corridor · SAMADHAN strategy
  3. Insurgency in NE · AFSPA · Naga, Mizo, Manipur, ULFA
  4. Cross-border terrorism · Pakistan, Afghanistan trade-routes
  5. Major attacks & responses — 26/11 Mumbai 2008 · Uri 2016 · Surgical Strikes 2016 · Pulwama 2019 · Balakot Airstrike 2019 · Galwan Valley clash 2020 · Tawang skirmish 2022
  6. Communal terrorism · home-grown radicalisation · NIA action
  7. Role of external state actors · proxy war · grey-zone
  8. Role of non-state actors · ISI · LeT · JeM · Indian Mujahideen
  9. Linkages of organised crime with terrorism · narco-terror
  10. Money laundering · PMLA · ED · FATF · FIU-IND
  11. Cyber security · National Cyber Security Policy · CERT-In
  12. Cyber threats · ransomware · DDoS · APTs
  13. Cyber crimes · Indian IT Act 2000 · Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023
  14. Critical infrastructure protection · NCIIPC
  15. Social media regulation · IT Rules 2021 · fact-checking
  16. Border management · LoC · LAC · IB · BSF · ITBP · SSB · Assam Rifles
  17. Smart Fencing · CIBMS · Border Roads
  18. Coastal security · ICG · Coastal Command · Sagar Prahari Bal
  19. Maritime security · IB-Mauritius-Sri Lanka cooperation · IFC-IOR
  20. Central police forces · CRPF · CISF · NSG · SPG
  21. Indian Coast Guard · Special Frontier Force · Assam Rifles
  22. Intelligence agencies · IB · RAW · NIA · NCB · NTRO
  23. Police reforms · Prakash Singh case · model Police Act
  24. UAPA · special laws · AFSPA debate (Manipur · J&K · NE)
  25. Historical special laws — MISA 1971 · TADA 1985 · POTA 2002 · lessons learnt
  26. Defence reforms · CDS · DMA · theatre commands
  27. AGNIPATH scheme · Agniveers · Defence HR transformation
  28. Aatmanirbhar Defence · indigenisation · positive lists · iDEX
  29. Major joint military exercises — Yudh Abhyas · Vajra Prahar · Indra · Garuda · Malabar · Tarang Shakti
  30. Defence Acquisition Council · Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020
  31. Counter-radicalisation programmes · de-radicalisation cells
  32. Refugee policy · 1951 Convention · India's position · Rohingya/Tibetan/Sri Lankan refugees
  33. Defence modernization · ATM-NIRBHAR Bharat · DAP 2020
  34. Arms & Weapons Smuggling · Networks & supply chains · Border routes · DRI & agencies
  35. Media, Propaganda & Strategic Communications · Terror narratives · Counter-messaging · Information warfare
  36. Jammu & Kashmir Security Framework · Post-2019 governance · UT model · Special provisions

International Relations

  1. Evolution of India's foreign policy · Non-Alignment to Multi-Alignment
  2. India & Pakistan · IWT · ceasefire violations · cross-border terror
  3. India & China · LAC · trade · Wuhan, Mamallapuram, Galwan
  4. India & Nepal · Kalapani · open border · 1950 Treaty
  5. India & Bangladesh · LBA · Teesta · CAA spillover
  6. India & Sri Lanka · Katchatheevu · Tamil issue · economic crisis support
  7. India & Bhutan · Doklam · hydropower
  8. India & Myanmar · refugee crisis · KKMM corridor
  9. India & Afghanistan · post-Taliban diplomacy
  10. India & Maldives · IOR · debt diplomacy
  11. India & USA · 2+2 dialogue · QUAD · defence agreements (BECA, LEMOA, COMCASA)
  12. India & Russia · S-400 · CAATSA · energy · UN coordination
  13. India & EU · BTIA · climate · digital · TTC
  14. India & UK · FTA · diaspora · post-Brexit
  15. India & Japan · Special Strategic Partnership · Indo-Pacific
  16. India & ASEAN · Act East · summits · RCEP withdrawal
  17. India & West Asia · I2U2 · IMEC · Saudi · UAE · Iran (Chabahar)
  18. India & Israel · defence · agriculture · technology
  19. India & Africa · IAFS · LoC · Pan-Africa e-Network
  20. India & Latin America · Mercosur PTA
  21. India & Pacific Islands · FIPIC · climate cooperation
  22. India & Antarctica/Arctic · Maitri · Bharati · Dakshin Gangotri · Arctic Policy 2022
  23. Regional groupings — SAARC · BIMSTEC · SCO · BRICS · G20 · G7
  24. New corridors & frameworks — IMEC · I2U2 · IPEF · INSTC
  25. UN — Security Council reform · UNGA · ECOSOC · ICJ · UNSC sanctions
  26. WTO · Doha Round · TRIPS · public stockholding
  27. IMF, World Bank, BIS, FSB · WHO · WIPO · WMO · ILO · UNESCO · UNICEF · UNHCR · UNCTAD
  28. Specialised treaty bodies — IAEA · OPCW · NSG · MTCR · Wassenaar Arrangement · Australia Group
  29. FATF · grey list · black list · India's role
  30. India & OPEC+ · energy diplomacy · oil import basket
  31. Indian diaspora · OIA · Pravasi Bharatiya Divas · remittances
  32. India & Indo-Pacific · QUAD · AUKUS impact
  33. Maritime — UNCLOS · SLOC · piracy · IORA
  34. Cultural diplomacy · ICCR · AYUSH · International Yoga Day · ITEC programme
  35. Cyber & space diplomacy · IGF · ITU · IN-SPACe MoUs
  36. Climate diplomacy — UNFCCC · CBDR · CDR-LIFE · loss & damage
  37. Defence diplomacy · joint exercises · arms exports · DAP 2020
  38. Defence deals · trade balance · agreements in news
  39. India & the Global South · Voice of Global South Summits · G20 presidency · reformed multilateralism · South-South cooperation
  40. India & Central Asia · Connect Central Asia policy · India-Central Asia Summit · INSTC · Chabahar · SCO
  41. India's humanitarian & niche diplomacy · Vaccine Maitri · HADR · Operation Ganga & Kaveri · SAGAR doctrine

Disaster Management

  1. Disaster — definition · classification · vulnerability
  2. Disaster Management Act 2005 · NDMA · SDMA · DDMA
  3. National Policy on Disaster Management 2009
  4. NDRF · SDRF · CDRI
  5. Hazard-specific — earthquakes · Himalayan seismicity
  6. Floods · river vs urban floods · flood plain zoning
  7. Cyclones · Bay of Bengal vs Arabian Sea · IMD warnings
  8. Drought · types · DPAP · NMSA
  9. Landslides · GLOFs · cloudbursts
  10. Tsunami · Indian Tsunami Early Warning System
  11. Heatwaves · cold waves · forest fires
  12. Industrial disasters · Bhopal · oil spills · nuclear
  13. Sendai Framework 2015-30 · 4 priorities · 7 targets
  14. Predecessor frameworks — Yokohama Strategy 1994 · Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-15
  15. Sphere Standards · humanitarian charter · minimum standards in response
  16. Pandemic management — COVID experience · One Health
  17. Climate-induced disasters · loss & damage · COP28 fund
  18. Climate refugees · internal displacement · IDMC reports
  19. Disaster Risk Financing · insurance · CAT bonds · parametric insurance
  20. Build Back Better framework · Resilient infrastructure (CDRI)
  21. Public health emergencies · vaccine logistics
  22. Heat action plans · Ahmedabad model · NDMA heatwave guidelines
  23. Recent Indian disasters — case studies — Uttarakhand 2013, Kerala floods 2018, Cyclone Fani 2019, Cyclone Amphan 2020, Joshimath 2023, Sikkim GLOF 2023, Wayanad landslides 2024
  24. Community-Based Disaster Management · local participation · indigenous knowledge · grassroots resilience
  25. State and District Disaster Management · SDMA-DDMA framework · operational coordination · inter-agency protocols
  26. Relief, Rehabilitation and Recovery · post-disaster frameworks · compensation mechanisms · livelihood restoration

Ethics & Integrity

  1. Ethics & Human Interface — essence, determinants, consequences
  2. Dimensions of ethics — descriptive, normative, meta-ethics
  3. Ethics in private and public relationships
  4. Human Values — lessons from leaders, reformers, administrators
  5. Role of family, society, educational institutions in inculcating values
  6. Attitude — content, structure, function
  7. Influence and relation with thought and behaviour
  8. Moral and political attitudes; persuasion
  9. Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service
  10. Integrity, impartiality, non-partisanship, objectivity
  11. Dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance, compassion
  12. Emotional Intelligence — concepts, utility, application
  13. Goleman model — self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, social skills
  14. Contributions of moral thinkers — Indian (Buddha, Gandhi, Vivekananda, Ambedkar, Tagore, Tiruvalluvar, Akka Mahadevi, Kabir, Sri Aurobindo, Kautilya)
  15. Contributions of moral thinkers — Western (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Mill, Bentham, Rawls, Nietzsche, Sartre)
  16. AI & technology ethics — bias, transparency, accountability, algorithmic justice
  17. Public/Civil Service Values — accountability, responsiveness
  18. Probity in governance — concept, philosophical basis
  19. Sources of ethical guidance — laws · rules · regulations · conscience
  20. Ethical concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions
  21. Strengthening ethical and moral values in governance
  22. Information sharing & transparency · RTI · Citizen Charter
  23. Code of Ethics vs Code of Conduct
  24. Work Culture · Quality of Service Delivery
  25. Utilisation of public funds · Challenges of corruption
  26. Whistleblowing · Whistle-blower Act
  27. Corporate Governance · CSR · scandals (Satyam, Enron, IL&FS) as case anchors
  28. Probity in international relations · funding
  29. Case studies — administrative dilemmas
  30. Case studies — corruption · social pressures
  31. Case studies — moral dilemmas at workplace
  32. Case studies — environmental ethics, AI ethics, business ethics
  33. Anti-Corruption Institutions · CVC, Lokpal, Lokayuktas · mechanisms and independence
  34. Conflict of Interest & Personal Integrity · disclosure, asset declarations, cooling-off periods
  35. Nolan Principles & Public Service Ethics Frameworks · selflessness, integrity, accountability, leadership

Current Affairs

  1. National polity & governance — bills, judgments, schemes
  2. Economy & finance — RBI policy, budget, inflation, growth data
  3. Science & Tech — ISRO launches, defence, AI, semiconductors
  4. Environment & climate — COPs, IPCC reports, biodiversity
  5. International relations — bilateral, summits, diasporic events
  6. Reports & Indices — HDI · Global Hunger · Press Freedom · EPI · GFR · Logistics · Global Innovation · World Inequality
  7. Awards & honours — Padma · Bharat Ratna · Nobel · Booker · Magsaysay · Jnanpith
  8. Persons in news — appointments, obituaries
  9. Sports — major events, individual achievements
  10. Defence & security — exercises, acquisitions, deployments
  11. Health — disease outbreaks, vaccines, medical advances
  12. Government schemes — launches, achievements, criticisms
  13. Geographic in news — places, channels, straits, conflicts
  14. Important committees & commissions
  15. Important international institutions in news
  16. Books & authors in news · Sahitya Akademi · literary news
  17. Important days · national & international observances
  18. Census data · NFHS · PLFS · sample-survey findings
  19. Indian heritage — UNESCO, GI tags, intangible heritage

CSAT — Quantitative Aptitude

  1. Number system · LCM · HCF · divisibility · remainders
  2. Percentages · ratio · proportion · partnership
  3. Average · alligation · mixtures
  4. Profit & loss · discount · simple & compound interest
  5. Time, speed, distance · trains · boats & streams
  6. Time & work · pipes & cisterns
  7. Algebra basics · linear equations · quadratic equations
  8. Permutations & combinations · probability basics
  9. Geometry · lines · angles · triangles · circles · polygons
  10. Mensuration · area · volume · surface
  11. Trigonometry basics · heights & distances
  12. Statistics basics · mean · median · mode · variance
  13. Data interpretation · tables · bar · pie · line · multi-graph
  14. Data sufficiency
  15. Fractions made simple · understanding parts of a whole
  16. Decimals and place value · turning fractions into decimals
  17. BODMAS and simplification · the correct order of operations
  18. Squares, cubes and roots · quick mental shortcuts
  19. Powers and indices · the laws of exponents made easy
  20. Percentages from scratch · what percent really means
  21. Percentage increase and decrease · successive changes
  22. Ratio and proportion · sharing in the right amounts
  23. Averages · finding the middle value
  24. Profit, loss and discount · the maths of buying and selling
  25. Simple interest · the basics of borrowing and lending
  26. Compound interest · interest that earns interest
  27. Speed, distance and time · the basic relationship
  28. Trains, boats and streams · relative speed made easy
  29. Time and work · who finishes the job first
  30. Pipes and cisterns · filling and emptying tanks
  31. Mixtures and alligation · mixing in the right ratio
  32. Problems on ages · past, present and future
  33. Partnership · sharing profit fairly
  34. Permutations and combinations · the art of counting
  35. Probability · measuring how likely something is
  36. Perimeter and area · measuring flat shapes
  37. Volume and surface area · measuring solid shapes
  38. Clocks and calendars · time and day puzzles

CSAT — Reasoning & Comprehension

  1. Reading comprehension · passage strategies
  2. Interpersonal skills · communication · assertive vs aggressive · listening
  3. Vocabulary in context · synonyms · antonyms · idioms
  4. Inference & assumption questions
  5. Tone, theme, central idea identification
  6. Logical reasoning · syllogisms · venn diagrams
  7. Statement-conclusion · statement-assumption
  8. Strengthen-weaken arguments
  9. Cause and effect · course of action
  10. Coding-decoding · series · analogies · odd one out
  11. Seating arrangement · puzzles · blood relations
  12. Direction sense · ranking · order
  13. Cube · clocks · calendars
  14. Decision-making case studies (non-negative marking)
  15. Problem-solving frameworks · prioritisation
  16. Mental ability speed drills
  17. Syllogisms · drawing conclusions from all and some statements
  18. Analogies · finding the matching relationship
  19. Classification · finding the odd one out
  20. Logical Venn diagrams · relationships between groups
  21. Number series · spotting the hidden rule
  22. Letter and alphabet series · patterns in letters
  23. Coding and decoding · cracking secret codes
  24. Blood relations · solving family-tree puzzles
  25. Direction sense · finding your way
  26. Order and ranking · who stands where
  27. Linear seating arrangement · people in a row
  28. Circular seating arrangement · people around a table
  29. Floor and scheduling puzzles · who is where and when
  30. Cubes and dice · faces, painting and reading dice
  31. Mathematical operations and symbols · symbol substitution
  32. Statement and assumptions · what is taken for granted
  33. Statement and arguments · strong versus weak
  34. Inference and conclusion · what the passage really says

Essay

  1. Essay structure · introduction · body · conclusion
  2. Approaches — argumentative · narrative · descriptive · expository
  3. Brainstorming & mind-mapping · structural anchors
  4. Quotations · examples · case studies · data
  5. Philosophical themes — values, morality, time
  6. Political themes — democracy, governance, citizenship
  7. Economic themes — growth vs equity, globalisation
  8. Social themes — gender, caste, family, technology
  9. Ecological themes — climate, sustainability
  10. Education, art, literature, science themes
  11. International relations themes
  12. Women, youth, technology themes
  13. Practice — past 10 years UPSC essay topics
  14. Style — coherence, transitions, vocabulary
  15. Common mistakes · time management in essay paper
  16. Multilingual writing — English vs medium of choice

English Qualifying

  1. Comprehension of given passages
  2. Precis writing
  3. Usage and vocabulary
  4. Short essays
  5. Translation from a regional language to English (alt)
  6. Letter writing / report writing format
  7. Common grammatical errors
  8. Sentence completion · fill in the blanks

Indian Language Qualifying

  1. Comprehension of given passages
  2. Precis writing
  3. Usage and vocabulary in regional language
  4. Short essays in regional language
  5. Translation from English to regional language
  6. Letter writing in regional language
  7. Reading classical literature samples
  8. Grammar specifics by language

Optional: Geography

  1. Paper I — Geomorphology · plate tectonics, landforms, slope analysis
  2. Paper I — Climatology · atmosphere, weather, world climates
  3. Paper I — Oceanography · ocean bottom, currents, marine resources
  4. Paper I — Biogeography · ecosystems, biomes, soils
  5. Paper I — Environmental geography · climate change, sustainability
  6. Paper I — Population geography · growth, distribution, migration
  7. Paper I — Economic geography · agriculture, industry, services
  8. Paper I — Settlement geography · rural, urban
  9. Paper I — Political geography · boundaries, geopolitics
  10. Paper I — Geographical thought · evolution, recent trends
  11. Paper II — Physical setting of India
  12. Paper II — Resources of India
  13. Paper II — Agriculture · cropping, types, problems
  14. Paper II — Industry · location, regions, problems
  15. Paper II — Transport, communication, trade
  16. Paper II — Population · distribution, problems
  17. Paper II — Settlements
  18. Paper II — Regional development planning
  19. Paper II — Political aspects · boundaries, federalism
  20. Paper II — Contemporary issues · environment, regional disparities

Personality Test

  1. Detailed Application Form (DAF) — common questions
  2. Hometown · district · state coverage — geography, economy, famous personalities, problems
  3. Education background · stream-based probes — why UPSC after engineering/medicine/etc.
  4. Work experience probes · career transition rationale
  5. Hobbies & interests · structured response · demonstration-ready
  6. Optional subject probable questions · linking to current affairs
  7. Service preference rationale · why IAS/IPS/IFS/IRS · alternative careers
  8. Current affairs of interview period · last 6-12 months focus
  9. Indian polity & governance current debates — recent bills, judgments, controversies
  10. Indian economy current debates — Budget, RBI, growth, inflation, unemployment
  11. India's foreign policy current debates — neighbourhood, multilateral, summits
  12. Environmental & climate current debates — COP, biodiversity, EIA
  13. Science & tech in news — ISRO, AI, biotech, defence
  14. Internal security debates — Manipur, J&K, LWE, cyber
  15. Social issues — caste census, women's reservation, communalism
  16. Ethics-based situational questions — dilemmas in district administration
  17. Conflict-of-interest scenarios · whistleblower dilemmas · friend-family-favouritism cases
  18. Subordinate management — disciplining seniors-in-age · motivating demoralised teams
  19. Project deadline vs ethical compromise · ends-vs-means trade-offs
  20. Public-vs-private gain dilemmas · personal honesty vs institutional pressure
  21. Leadership & decision-making scenarios
  22. Critical thinking & analytical reasoning questions
  23. Mock interviews · feedback themes · video review
  24. Communication — clarity, conciseness, balance · listening skills
  25. Body language · eye contact · posture · dress code
  26. Stress questions · handling disagreement · graceful "I don't know"
  27. Service-specific awareness — IAS · IPS · IFS · IRS (IT/Customs) · IRTS · IDAS · IIS
  28. A Day in the Life of an IAS/IPS officer — district administration realities
  29. Cadre preferences · women in services · service rivalries · interconnections
  30. Women candidates · marriage, career trade-off questions · gender-sensitive handling
  31. Differently-abled candidates · accommodations · disclosure
  32. Group discussion-style probes · multi-board dynamics
  33. Last-minute prep · revision strategy · self-care · sleep · diet

Optional: Economics

  1. Paper I — Advanced Microeconomics · consumer theory · production · welfare
  2. Paper I — Advanced Macroeconomics · classical · Keynesian · monetarist
  3. Paper I — Money, Banking & Finance · monetary policy · financial markets
  4. Paper I — International Economics · trade theory · BoP · exchange rates
  5. Paper I — Growth & Development · models (Harrod-Domar, Solow) · welfare
  6. Paper I — Public Finance · taxation theory · public expenditure · debt
  7. Paper I — Environmental Economics · externalities · valuation · Pigou tax
  8. Paper I — Game theory basics · auctions · mechanism design
  9. Paper II — Indian economy in pre-Independence era
  10. Paper II — Indian Economy after Independence — planning, mixed economy
  11. Paper II — Indian agriculture · land reforms · Green Revolution
  12. Paper II — Indian industry · industrial policy · LPG reforms
  13. Paper II — Trade · BoP · FDI · external sector
  14. Paper II — Money & Banking in India · RBI · banking reforms
  15. Paper II — Inflation · price stability · monetary policy
  16. Paper II — Public Finance in India · taxation · GST · fiscal federalism
  17. Paper II — Inclusive growth · poverty · employment · inequality
  18. Paper II — Recent reforms · Atmanirbhar Bharat · PLI · UPI

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