Code of Ethics vs Code of Conduct
Code of Ethics vs Code of Conduct
12 min read · Updated 2026-05-25
What is a code of ethics?
A code of ethics is a positive, aspirational statement of the values an officer should strive towards, such as integrity; a code of conduct is a negative, prohibitive list of what must not be done, enforceable by disciplinary action. India has the second — the All India Services (Conduct) Rules 1968 and CCS (Conduct) Rules 1964 — but the 2nd ARC's proposed code of ethics is still pending.
The story
In 1949, the United States Civil Service Commission issued ten "Standards of Ethical Conduct" for federal employees. One line stood out: "Public office is a public trust." That single sentence — six words — became the spine of every modern code of conduct in the democratic world. Half a century later, a young Indian Forest Service officer, Sanjiv Chaturvedi, would quote that same line from memory while contesting his fifteenth transfer in five years for the crime of exposing fraud at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS).
The Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules, 1964 — India's main code of conduct for civil servants — runs to 28 rules. But Chaturvedi's case revealed a paradox: the Rules told him exactly what not to do (no gifts, no media without permission, no foreign travel without sanction), but said almost nothing about what he should do when his superiors themselves broke the rules. That gap — between a code of conduct (a list of don'ts) and a code of ethics (a vision of ought) — is the subject of this unit.
In 2007, the 2nd Administrative Reforms Commission asked India to finally write the missing half: a positive Code of Ethics with values like integrity, impartiality, devotion to duty, and accountability. Two decades on, the draft is still on file. This unit explains why both halves matter, and what the difference makes when an officer must decide.
Why this matters for UPSC
GS-IV Section A has tested Codes of Ethics vs Codes of Conduct directly in 2015, 2017, and 2021, and indirectly through case studies in every other year. It is also the most-cited 2nd ARC chapter (Vol-IV, 2007) in Mains answers. Prelims has touched it once via the All India Services (Conduct) Rules, 1968 in 2019. Interview boards probe it as the favourite "how would you handle a hostile superior" opener.