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Science & TechnologyPrelims: HighMains: MediumInterview: Medium7 min readUpdated 2026-05-25

Nuclear programme

Nuclear programme · 3-stage · thorium · fusion research (ITER, SST-1)

Story hook

It is 18 May 1974. From the Pokhran Test Range, Rajasthan, India conducts its first nuclear explosion — codenamed "Smiling Buddha" (POK-I). Officially: "peaceful nuclear explosive". A 20-25 kt device based on Plutonium. Homi Bhabha's vision (established 1944 as TIFR) finally tested 14 years after his death.

24 years later, 11-13 May 1998 Pokhran-II ("Operation Shakti") — 5 nuclear tests including thermonuclear device. India declared nuclear-weapon state.

For UPSC, India's nuclear programme is tested in Mains GS-III S&T

  • GS-II IR.

Why this matters for UPSC

For UPSC:

  • Prelims: DAE + BARC + AERB + NPCIL + Pokhran + nuclear power plants.
  • Mains GS-III: Three-Stage Programme + nuclear energy + Civil Nuclear Cooperation + AUKUS implications.

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  • Memory hooks & mnemonics
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  • The Mains angle
  • The Interview angle
  • Common traps & misconceptions
  • 5-minute revision card
  • Related topics

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